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This book provides an elementary introduction to the classical analysis on normed spaces, paying special attention to nonlinear topics such as fixed points, calculus and ordinary differential equations. It is aimed at beginners who want to get through the basic material as soon as possible and then move on to do their own research immediately. It assumes only general knowledge in finite-dimensional linear algebra, simple calculus and elementary complex analysis. Since the treatment is self-contained with sufficient details, even an undergraduate with mathematical maturity should have no problem working through it alone. Various chapters can be integrated into parts of a Master degree program by course work organized by any regional university. Restricted to finite-dimensional spaces rather than normed spaces, selected chapters can be used for a course in advanced calculus. Engineers and physicists may find this book a handy reference in classical analysis.
This book provides an elementary introduction to the classical analysis on normed spaces, paying special attention to nonlinear topics such as fixed points, calculus and ordinary differential equations. It is aimed at beginners who want to get through the basic material as soon as possible and then move on to do their own research immediately. It assumes only general knowledge in finite-dimensional linear algebra, simple calculus and elementary complex analysis. Since the treatment is self-contained with sufficient details, even an undergraduate with mathematical maturity should have no problem working through it alone. Various chapters can be integrated into parts of a Master degree program by course work organized by any regional university. Restricted to finite-dimensional spaces rather than normed spaces, selected chapters can be used for a course in advanced calculus. Engineers and physicists may find this book a handy reference in classical analysis.
An asymmetric norm is a positive definite sublinear functional p on a real vector space X. The topology generated by the asymmetric norm p is translation invariant so that the addition is continuous, but the asymmetry of the norm implies that the multiplication by scalars is continuous only when restricted to non-negative entries in the first argument. The asymmetric dual of X, meaning the set of all real-valued upper semi-continuous linear functionals on X, is merely a convex cone in the vector space of all linear functionals on X. In spite of these differences, many results from classical functional analysis have their counterparts in the asymmetric case, by taking care of the interplay between the asymmetric norm p and its conjugate. Among the positive results one can mention: Hahn–Banach type theorems and separation results for convex sets, Krein–Milman type theorems, analogs of the fundamental principles – open mapping, closed graph and uniform boundedness theorems – an analog of the Schauder’s theorem on the compactness of the conjugate mapping. Applications are given to best approximation problems and, as relevant examples, one considers normed lattices equipped with asymmetric norms and spaces of semi-Lipschitz functions on quasi-metric spaces. Since the basic topological tools come from quasi-metric spaces and quasi-uniform spaces, the first chapter of the book contains a detailed presentation of some basic results from the theory of these spaces. The focus is on results which are most used in functional analysis – completeness, compactness and Baire category – which drastically differ from those in metric or uniform spaces. The book is fairly self-contained, the prerequisites being the acquaintance with the basic results in topology and functional analysis, so it may be used for an introduction to the subject. Since new results, in the focus of current research, are also included, researchers in the area can use it as a reference text.
This book serves as an introduction to calculus on normed vector spaces at a higher undergraduate or beginning graduate level. The prerequisites include basic calculus and linear algebra, as well as a certain mathematical maturity. All the important topology and functional analysis topics are introduced where necessary. In its attempt to show how calculus on normed vector spaces extends the basic calculus of functions of several variables, this book is one of the few textbooks to bridge the gap between the available elementary texts and high level texts. The inclusion of many non-trivial applications of the theory and interesting exercises provides motivation for the reader.
This is a basic course in functional analysis for senior undergraduate and beginning postgraduate students. The reader need only be familiarity with elementary real and complex analysis, linear algebra and have studied a course in the analysis of metric spaces; knowledge of integration theory or general topology is not required. The text concerns the structural properties of normed linear spaces in general, especially associated with dual spaces and continuous linear operators on normed linear spaces. The implications of the general theory are illustrated with a great variety of example spaces.
Mathematical analysis offers a solid basis for many achievements in applied mathematics and discrete mathematics. This new textbook is focused on differential and integral calculus, and includes a wealth of useful and relevant examples, exercises, and results enlightening the reader to the power of mathematical tools. The intended audience consists of advanced undergraduates studying mathematics or computer science. The author provides excursions from the standard topics to modern and exciting topics, to illustrate the fact that even first or second year students can understand certain research problems. The text has been divided into ten chapters and covers topics on sets and numbers, linear spaces and metric spaces, sequences and series of numbers and of functions, limits and continuity, differential and integral calculus of functions of one or several variables, constants (mainly pi) and algorithms for finding them, the W - Z method of summation, estimates of algorithms and of certain combinatorial problems. Many challenging exercises accompany the text. Most of them have been used to prepare for different mathematical competitions during the past few years. In this respect, the author has maintained a healthy balance of theory and exercises.
This advanced undergraduate/beginning graduate text covers measure theory and discrete aspects of functional analysis, with 760 exercises.
1. Introduction. 1.1. Historical notes. 1.2. Normed linear spaces. 1.3. Strictly convex normed linear spaces. 1.4. Inner product spaces. 1.5. Orthogonalities in normed linear spaces -- 2. Norm derivatives. 2.1. Norm derivatives : Definition and basic properties. 2.2. Orthogonality relations based on norm derivatives. 2.3. p'[symbol]-orthogonal transformations. 2.4. On the equivalence of two norm derivatives. 2.5. Norm derivatives and projections in normed linear spaces. 2.6. Norm derivatives and Lagrange's identity in normed linear spaces. 2.7. On some extensions of the norm derivatives. 2.8. p-orthogonal additivity -- 3. Norm derivatives and heights. 3.1. Definition and basic properties. 3.2. Characterizations of inner product spaces involving geometrical properties of a height in a triangle. 3.3. Height functions and classical orthogonalities. 3.4. A new orthogonality relation. 3.5. Orthocenters. 3.6. A characterization of inner product spaces involving an isosceles trapezoid property. 3.7. Functional equations of the height transform -- 4. Perpendicular bisectors in Normed spaces. 4.1. Definitions and basic properties. 4.2. A new orthogonality relation. 4.3. Relations between perpendicular bisectors and classical orthogonalities. 4.4. On the radius of the circumscribed circumference of a triangle. 4.5. Circumcenters in a triangle. 4.6. Euler line in real normed space. 4.7. Functional equation of the perpendicular bisector transform -- 5. Bisectrices in real Normed spaces. 5.1. Bisectrices in real normed spaces. 5.2. A new orthogonality relation. 5.3. Functional equation of the bisectrix transform. 5.4. Generalized bisectrices in strictly convex real normed spaces. 5.5. Incenters and generalized bisectrices -- 6. Areas of triangles in Normed spaces. 6.1. Definition of four areas of triangles. 6.2. Classical properties of the areas and characterizations of inner product spaces. 6.3. Equalities between different area functions. 6.4. The area orthogonality.
This classic and long out of print text by the famous French mathematician Henri Cartan, has finally been retitled and reissued as an unabridged reprint of the Kershaw Publishing Company 1971 edition at remarkably low price for a new generation of university students and teachers. It provides a concise and beautifully written course on rigorous analysis. Unlike most similar texts, which usually develop the theory in either metric or Euclidean spaces, Cartan's text is set entirely in normed vector spaces, particularly Banach spaces. This not only allows the author to develop carefully the concepts of calculus in a setting of maximal generality, it allows him to unify both single and multivariable calculus over either the real or complex scalar fields by considering derivatives of nth orders as linear transformations. This prepares the student for the subsequent study of differentiable manifolds modeled on Banach spaces as well as graduate analysis courses, where normed spaces and their isomorphisms play a central role. More importantly, it's republication in an inexpensive edition finally makes available again the English translations of both long separated halves of Cartan's famous 1965-6 analysis course at the University of Paris: The second half has been in print for over a decade as Differential Forms , published by Dover Books. Without the first half, it has been very difficult for readers of that second half text to be prepared with the proper prerequisites as Cartan originally intended. With both texts now available at very affordable prices, the entire course can now be easily obtained and studied as it was originally intended. The book is divided into two chapters. The first develops the abstract differential calculus. After an introductory section providing the necessary background on the elements of Banach spaces, the Frechet derivative is defined, and proofs are given of the two basic theorems of differential calculus: The mean value theorem and the inverse function theorem. The chapter proceeds with the introduction and study of higher order derivatives and a proof of Taylor's formula. It closes with a study of local maxima and minima including both necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such minima. The second chapter is devoted to differential equations. Then the general existence and uniqueness theorems for ordinary differential equations on Banach spaces are proved. Applications of this material to linear equations and to obtaining various properties of solutions of differential equations are then given. Finally the relation between partial differential equations of the first order and ordinary differential equations is discussed. The prerequisites are rigorous first courses in calculus on the real line (elementary analysis), linear algebra on abstract vectors spaces with linear transformations and the basic definitions of topology (metric spaces, topology,etc.) A basic course in differential equations is advised as well. Together with its' sequel, Differential Calculus On Normed Spaces forms the basis for an outstanding advanced undergraduate/first year graduate analysis course in the Bourbakian French tradition of Jean Dieudonn�'s Foundations of Modern Analysis, but a more accessible level and much more affordable then that classic.
Preparing students for further study of both the classical works and current research, this is an accessible text for students who have had a course in real and complex analysis and understand the basic properties of L p spaces. It is sprinkled liberally with examples, historical notes, citations, and original sources, and over 450 exercises provide practice in the use of the results developed in the text through supplementary examples and counterexamples.