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The attitudes of citizen groups, unions, and corporations reflect not only their stake in protecting particular interests, but also the limits of their abilities to envision alternatives to the prevailing mode of economic growth. Although there are considerable obstacles on both sides, the author believes a convergence is possible.
To protect the Great Lakes and to address common water quality problems, the United States and Canada entered into the bilateral Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. The agreement has been amended several times, most recently in 1987. That year, the two countries agreed to cooperate with state and provincial governments to develop and implement remedial action plans (RAPs) for designated areas in the Great Lakes Basin--areas contaminated, for example, by toxic substances. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) leads the effort to meet the goals of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, which include RAP development and implementation. As of April 2002, all of the 26 contaminated areas in the Great Lakes Basin that the United States is responsible for have completed the first stage of the RAP process; however, only half have completed the second stage. Even though EPA has been charged with leading the effort to meet the goals of the agreement, it has not clearly delineated responsibility for oversight of RAPs within the agency, and, citing resource constraints and the need to tend to other Great Lakes priorities, reduced its staff and the amount of funding allocated to states for the purpose of RAP development and implementation.
The document is intended to serve primarily as an inventory of ideas for RAPs (Remedial Action Plan). The RAPs has been developped for 43 of the Great Lakes most polluted areas. The study is divided into four chapters: 1) Remedial Action Plans, What Makes Them Works describes the RAP process, its institutional and legal background, and the strengths and weaknesses of RAPs efforts to date; 2) Commabatting Combined-Sewer Overflows and Urban Non-Point Source Pollution outline techniques recommended to prevent and clean up pollution from combined-sewer overflows, urban runoff, airborne toxics, degraded aquatic habitats, and contaminated landfills, aquifers and sediments; 3) Financial Strategies for Great Lakes Areas of Concern summarize potential sources of funding for the AOCs' cleanup, which may cost hundreds of millions of dollars for the most polluted rivers and bays; 4) Administrative Strategies for RAPs describe how institutions, both existing and new, can supervise and coordinate complex Remedial Action Plans.
A guide showing concerned citizens how to take on an aggressive role in fighting water pollution.