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Gunpowder studies are still in their infancy despite the long-standing civil and military importance of this explosive since its discovery in China in the mid-ninth century AD. In this second volume by contributors who meet regularly at symposia of the International Committee for the History of Technology (ICOHTEC), the research is again rooted in the investigation of the technology of explosives manufacture, but the fact that the chapters range in scope from the Old World to the New, from sources of raw materials in south-east Asia to the complications of manufacture in the West, shows that the story is more than the simple one of how an intriguing product was made. This volume is the first to develop the implications of the subject, not just in the sense of relating it to changing military technologies, but in that of seeing the securing of gunpowder supplies as fundamental to the power of the state and imperial pretensions.The search for saltpetre, for example, an essential ingredient of gunpowder, became a powerful engine of sea-going European trade from the early seventeenth century. Smaller states like Venice were unable to form these distant connections, and so to sustain a gunpowder army. Stronger states like France and Britain were able to do so, and became even more powerful as the demand for improved explosives fostered national strengths - leading to a development of the sciences, especially chemistry, in the former case, and of manufacturing techniques in the latter.
This book presents an exploratory study of the Mughal state and its negotiation with local power relations. By studying the state from the perspective of the localities and not from that of the Mughal Court, it shifts the focus from the imperial grid to the local arenas, and more significantly, from 'form' to 'process'. As a result, the book offers a new interpretation of the system of rule based on an appreciation of the local experience of imperial sovereignty, and the inter-connections between the state and the local power relations. The book knits together the systems- and action-theoretic approaches to power, and presents the Mughal state as a dynamic structure in constant change and conflict. The study, based on hitherto unexamined local evidence, highlights the extent to which the interactions between state and society helped to shape the rule structure, the normative system and 'the moral economy of the state'.
Prof. Dr. Anand Krishna needs no introduction to the world ofIndian Art and Culture. With his experience of study, research andpublication in this field, on his father Rai Krishnadasa s richfoundation, his creativity goes back to 1944; his tradition continueseven to the next generation.This unique volume is a compilation of articles contributed byhis colleagues, friends and students all Indian art specialists fromthe whole world. Covering almost 2,000 years, this book embracesalmost every facet of the Indian arts, such as architecture, sculpture,textiles, decorative arts, folk and modern art, sociology and culture.Enriched with over 400 spectacular colour and b&w relevantillustrations, this unprecedented scholarly book will be a source ofinformation for the academics as well as of great interest to everyperson fascinated with Indian art.
The first edition of this book, published in 1963, presented a mass of critically analyzed material on the agrarian condition of pre-colonial India--a subject which until then had received little attention. Many of its key findings, particularly those concerning administrative institutions and the position of the zamindars, have become standard tools in the field. This revised and updated edition draws on extensive new research by the author and others, and it presents much that is new in both description and perception. It also includes an expanded bibliography, a new descriptive index, and new illustrations and maps.