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An updated edition of the classic work on the inorganic chemistry of soils. * With its companion volume, Humus Chemistry, forms a complete, advanced-level treatment of both organic and inorganic aspects of soil chemistry. * Revised to keep pace with the latest developments in the field. * Provides more in-depth treatment of all topics.
The carbon cycle; Carbon balance of the soil and role of organic mater in soil fertility; Environmental aspects of the soil carbon cycle; The nitrogen cycle in soil; Global and ecological aspects; The internal cycle of nitrogen in soil; Impact of nitrogen on helath and the environment; The phosphorus cycle; The sulfur cycle; The micronutrient cycle.
The carbon cycle. Carbon balance of the soil and role of organic matter in soil fertility. Environmental aspects of the soil carbon cycle. The nitrogen cycle in soil: global and ecological aspects. The international cycle of nitrogen in soil. Impact of nitrogen on health and the environment. The phosporus cycle. The sulfur cycle. The micronutrient cycle.
A single-source reference to biochemical cycles in soil, emphasizing basic principles and naturally occurring reactions. Presents all major aspects of nutrient cycling, including fluxes with other ecosystems, biochemical pathways and transformations, gains and losses, chemical fixation reactions, and plant availability. Environmental issues are integrated into the classical treatment of cycling processes. Two chapters are devoted exclusively to pollution of the environment. Surveys such topics as management of crop residues and maintenance of soil organic matter, use of soil for disposal of organic wastes, biological nitrogen fixation, denitrification, efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen use by plants, nitrates in food and water, chemistry and fate of phosphorus and sulfur and behavior of trace elements.
As more people become concerned with food safety as well as the environment, vegetable gardening offers an opportunity to grow produce at home. Not everyone has the time, money, or energy to take on the challenge of starting a vegetable garden, however. In Circle Gardening, Kenneth E. Spaeth Jr., a soil and ecosystem specialist, provides a fresh approach and thorough guide to vegetable gardening for all gardeners, experienced and beginner alike. Through years of experimentation, Spaeth has found circle gardening, an ancient method “as old as agriculture,” to be not only an efficient but also an aesthetically pleasing way to grow plants. By arranging them in a concentrated circle rather than in rows, gardeners are able to conserve compost, fertilizer, and water. Depending on the number of vegetables planted, this design can save time and be less physically demanding. The rationale for planting your veggies in a circle is scientific, too—many plants clump together in nature and thrive in groups, and so planting in circles actually mimics natural plant distribution. There are other questions that befuddle expert and beginner gardeners, too: What is the difference between organic and conventional gardening? Are there significant pros and cons to each? What makes up the soil in a garden? Spaeth provides clear answers to these complex questions. The book also includes quick vegetable guides in the back along with information on composting, calculating fertilizer rates, and gauging soil health.
Increasing stress is being placed on the environment by man's activities including those of changing land usage for increased food production and the release of carbon dioxide due to fossil fuel combustion. Further stresses may occur if agricultural practice is modified by using plant products for liquid fuels. Rational management of these activities can only occur if there is a thorough under standing of the biogeochemical cycles of the major plant nutrients, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. A vital part of this understanding concerns the interactions between these cycles, where in various limiting processes the cycle of one element exerts a controlling influence over the cycle of one or more of the other elements. A well known example of this interaction is the role of sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus as limiting factors in plant growth i.e. carbon uptake by the biosphere. A related effect is the suggested increase in nitrogen fixation by legumes due to CO2 enrichment in the atmosphere. Other interactions occur during the mineralisation of nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus associated with the release of organic carbon during the decay of plant material and between the carbon substrate and mineral forms of nitrogen and sulfur during denitrification and bacterial sulfate reduction. Increased sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions to the atmosphere in some areas are causing acid rain which appears to be affecting the productivity of some land and aquatic ecosystems.
How soil microbes assimilate carbon-C, nitrogen-N, phosphorus-P, and sulfur-S is fundamental for understanding nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. We compiled a global database of C, N, P, and S concentrations in soils and microbes and developed relationships between them by using a power function model. The C:N:P:S was estimated to be 287:17:1:0.8 for soils, and 42:6:1:0.4 for microbes. We found a convergence of the relationships between elements in soils and in soil microbial biomass across C, N, P, and S. The element concentrations in soil microbial biomass follow a homeostatic regulation curve with soil element concentrations across C, N, P and S, implying a unifying mechanism of microbial assimilating soil elements. This correlation explains the well-constrained C:N:P:S stoichiometry with a slightly larger variation in soils than in microbial biomass. Meanwhile, it is estimated that the minimum requirements of soil elements for soil microbes are 0.8 mmol C Kg-1 dry soil, 0.1 mmol N Kg-1 dry soil, 0.1 mmol P Kg-1 dry soil, and 0.1 mmol S Kg-1 dry soil, respectively. Lastly, these findings provide a mathematical explanation of element imbalance in soils and soil microbial biomass, and offer insights for incorporating microbial contribution to nutrient cycling into Earth system models.