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Intermetallic compounds with the CaCu.sub. 5 type of crystal structure, particularly LaNiCo.sub. 4 and CaNi.sub. 5, exhibit high separation factors and fast equilibrium times and therefore are useful for packing a chromatographic hydrogen isotope separation colum. The addition of an inert metal to dilute the hydride improves performance of the column. A large scale mutli-stage chromatographic separation process run as a secondary process off a hydrogen feedstream from an industrial plant which uses large volumes of hydrogen can produce large quantities of heavy water at an effective cost for use in heavy water reactors.
Studying the interactions between heavy hydrogen isotopes and hydride forming metals or intermetallic compounds (IMC) is of importance for both fundamental and applied sciences. These systems offer, for example, the possibility of technical hydrogen isotope separation due to their considerable isotope effects. In addition, quite a lot of problems of hydrogen recovery, hydrogen purification, and tritium storage can be solved. This review deals with theoretical aspects of the interaction of heavy hydrogen isotopes with metals and IMC, and contains detailed information on phase and isotopic equilibrium and of the kinetics of isotope exchange in systems with hydride phases. Numerical data and results from theoretical and experimental studies are presented as well.
The separation of isotopes has always been a challenge because of their identical size, shape and thermodynamic properties. Nowadays, the extraction of deuterium is performed e.g. by the Girdler Sulfid process or cryogenic distillation, which lead to low separation factors (below 2.5) in combination with high energy costs. The standard way to produce helium-3 is to skim it as a byproduct of the radioactive tritium decay. In this thesis, two alternative approaches have been investigated for the separation of light isotopes, Quantum Sieving and Chemical Affinity Sieving . While Quantum Sieving is based on confinement in small pores, Chemical Affinity Sieving relies on strong adsorption sites. Both methods use the mass difference of the isotopes, which is related to their zero-point energy. The microporous metal-organic frameworks are excellent candidates for studying these quantum effects due to their well-defined pore structure and the possibility to introduce strong adsorption sites directly into the framework. The samples have been exposed to an isotope mixture and the adsorbed quantity of each isotope was detected by low-temperature thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The ratio of the desorbed amount of the isotopes leads directly to the selectivity (separation factor). The selectivity is determined as a function of exposure time and temperature and exhibits the highest value of 25 observed for hydrogen isotopes at temperatures well above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.
A study was made of the properties of metal hydrides which may be suitable for use in chromatographic separation of hydrogen isotopes. Sixty-five alloys were measured, with the best having a hydrogen-deuterium separation factor of 1.35 at 60°C. Chromatographic columns using these alloys produced deuterium enrichments of up to 3.6 in a single pass, using natural abundance hydrogen as starting material. 25 references, 16 figures, 4 tables.
Separation of Isotopes of Biogenic Elements provides a detailed overview of this area of research covering all aspects from the value of isotope effects to their practical use (equilibrium single-stage isotope effect - kinetics and mass transfer – multiplication of the single-stage isotope separation factor - technological peculiarity of processes) with the purpose of extraction from the natural mixture of the enriched and highly concentrated isotopes. In contrast to traditional books on the theory of isotope separation, the theoretical part of the book describes separation in two-phase processes in counter-flow columns. The experimental part of the book presents systematic analysis of specialists in the field of isotope separation in counter-flow columns. This book will be of interest to scientists, engineers and technical workers engaged in isotope separation processes and isotope application in nuclear physics, medicine, agro-chemistry, biology and other areas. This book may also be used in teaching theory and practical aspects in courses on physical chemistry and Isotope separation of light elements by physicochemical methods.* summarises current state of isotope research, especially biogenic elements* covering all aspects from the value of isotope effects to their practical use* of interest to scientists, engineers and technical workers engaged in isotope separation processes and isotope application