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History of Chile, early development and the recent ones, economic situation of Chile, government of Chile, Culture, people, development,, Chile economic situation From one of the most neglected outposts of the Spanish Empire, Chile developed into one of the most prosperous and democratic nations in Latin America. Throughout its history, however, Chile has depended on great external powers for economic exchange and political influence: Spain in the colonial period, Britain in the nineteenth century, and the United States in the twentieth century.Chile's dependence is made most evident by the country's heavy reliance on exports. These have included silver and gold in the colonial period, wheat in the mid-nineteenth century, nitrates up to World War I, copper after the 1930s, and a variety of commodities sold overseas in more recent years. The national economy's orientation toward the extraction of primary products has gone hand in hand with severe exploitation of workers. Beginning with the coerced labor of native Americans during the Spanish conquest, the exploitation continued with mestizo peonage on huge farms in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and brutal treatment of miners in the north in the first decade of the twentieth century. The most recent victimization of workers occurred during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-90), when unions were suppressed and wages were depressed, unemployment increased, and political parties were banned
Embark on an enlightening journey through the captivating pages of "The History of Chile." Immerse yourself in the narrative of a nation that has weathered the winds of change, triumphed over adversity, and emerged as a vibrant cultural mosaic. From the ancient civilizations that laid the foundation to the modern-day landscapes that define its identity, this text-only book offers a comprehensive exploration of Chile's past and present. + Unveil Ancient Secrets: Delve into the pre-Columbian cultures that flourished across Chile, uncovering the legacies of indigenous peoples and their profound impact on the nation's identity. + Epic Struggles and Triumphs: Witness the rise of Mapuche warriors and their society, the influence of the Incas in northern territories, and the enduring legacy of the Tiwanaku civilization in the south. + Landscapes of Wonder: Journey through the Atacama Desert, a realm of surreal beauty; venture into the awe-inspiring Patagonian landscapes; and explore the verdant valleys that have sustained generations. + Path to Sovereignty: Relive the sparks of rebellion that ignited the path to Chilean independence and the heroic stories of leaders who shaped the destiny of a nation. + Culinary Traditions and Wildlife Wonders: Savor the flavors of Chilean cuisine and explore the biodiversity that thrives amidst its unique ecosystems. + Cities that Shape History: Traverse the historic streets of Santiago, delve into the cultural diversity of Valparaíso, and uncover the tales of Concepción's resilience. + Eternal Charms: Gaze at the stars in the mystical Atacama, and unravel the myths and legends of Chiloé. From the page-turning tales of conquest to the rich cultural heritage that permeates every aspect of Chilean life, "The History of Chile" invites you to connect with a land where the past is as vivid as the present. Immerse yourself in the pages of this text-only masterpiece, and embark on an exploration of history that is as enlightening as it is enriching. Unlock the gates to Chile's past today. Purchase your copy and be transported into a world where history lives, breathes, and invites you to be a part of its ongoing narrative.
Relics of the Past tells the story of antiquities collecting, antiquarianism, and archaeology in Peru and Chile in the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. While the role of foreign travellers and scholars dedicated to the study of South America's pre-Columbian past is well documented, historians have largely overlooked the knowledge gathered and the collections formed among collectors of antiquities, antiquaries, and archaeologists born or living in South America during this period. The landed gentry, the clergy, and an urban bourgeoisie of doctors, engineers, and military officials put antiquities on display in their private mansions or bestowed them upon the public museums that were being formed by municipalities and governments in Santiago de Chile, Cuzco, or Lima. Men, and some few women, gathered antiquities on their journeys 'inland' and during sociable weekend excursions, but also on quotidian commercial voyages or in military campaigns. They bartered antiquities with their fellow collectors or haggled about their price on the antiquities market. In their hours of leisure, they marvelled at them, wrote about them, and disputed over their meaning, age, and interest in learned societies, informal gatherings, and at meetings in universities and public museums. This volume unveils a hitherto largely unknown world of antiquarian and archaeological collecting and learning in Peru and Chile.
Contents: Historical Setting; precolumbian civilizations; conquest and colonization; wars of independence; civil wars; aristrocratic republicanism; parliamentary republic; military interventions; mass democracy; military rule. In english.
There is a pre-Conquest history of civilizations in Central America that extends back 3,500 years. It's thought that humans have been in the Americas since 12,000 - 18,000 years BC. The earliest human artifacts found so far are from Chile and date to around 11,000 BC. By the 15th century AD, most of the Americas were quite heavily populated. In total the population of the Americas in pre-Colombian times is estimated to have stood at around 40 million people - it may have been higher. Today, through the diligent work of scholars from many countries, the disciplines of archaeology, art history, comparative ethnography, and other modern historical sciences have begun to peel back the story of Puma Punku, and historians can once again begin to tell the stories behind the stones. That work has highlighted the enigmatic ruins from many points of view and has helped explain how it was a place of ritual, showmanship, mythology, and, of course, the finest workmanship. This book examines some of the most important pre-Columbian ruins in the world. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about Tiwanaku and Puma Punku like never before.
Modern peoples have always been fascinated with the iconic architecture, mystical religious beliefs, and once-thriving societies of the ancient Aztecs. From the fertile areas of the Oaxaca Valley and the Valley of Mexico to the great deserts of the north, this authoritative resource explores the development of the ancient civilizations of the Aztecs and their predecessors. Organized chronologically, it describes the native cultures, from the earliest farming villages to the establishment of great states and urban civilizations such as Teotihuacan and Monte Alban. By investigating the connections between these civilizations and the more obscure civilizations of northern Mexico, it offers readers insight into the birth of new cultures such as the Toltec Empire. An engagingly written, thoroughly researched text and superb photography explore, in-depth, such topics as the Aztec calendar, religion, society, and political organization, providing fresh insight into the rich cultural and artistic heritage of the Aztecs.
The second edition of Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism, has been thoroughly updated and revised, and features top scholars who redefine the theoretical and political agendas of the field, and challenge the usual distinctions between time, space, processes, and people. Defines the relevance of archaeology and the social sciences more generally to the modern world Challenges the traditional boundaries between prehistoric and historical archaeologies Discusses how archaeology articulates such contemporary topics and issues as landscape and natures; agency, meaning and practice; sexuality, embodiment and personhood; race, class, and ethnicity; materiality, memory, and historical silence; colonialism, nationalism, and empire; heritage, patrimony, and social justice; media, museums, and publics Examines the influence of American pragmatism on archaeology Offers 32 new chapters by leading archaeologists and cultural anthropologists
Provides an introduction to the geography and natural regions of pre-Columbian North and South America, and a brief history of cave art research; and examines the civilizations, and artistic legacy of the prehistoric hunters and farmers of the Americas.