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Charcoal is largely unaffected by fungi or other wood destroying organisms. Consequently, it will persist in soil for great periods of time and often turns up in archaeological diggings and paleobotanical studies. The identification of such charcoal is often desirable because it may provide a record of paleoclimatic changes or have significance as evidence of ancient cultural practices. Identification is possible because the anatomical features of the wood remain intact during the carbonization process. A charcoal reference collection is relatively simple to prepare. The first step is to accumulate a collection of woods of known identity and then convert them to charcoal. (Author).
All the guidance needed to test coal and analyze the results With the skyrocketing costs of most fuel sources, government, industry, and consumers are taking a greater interest in coal, an abundant and inexpensive alternative, which has been made more environmentally friendly through new technology. Published in response to this renewed interest, Handbook of Coal Analysis provides readers with everything they need to know about testing and analyzing coal. Moreover, it explains the meaning of test results and how these results can predict coal behavior and its corresponding environmental impact during use. The thorough coverage of coal analysis includes: * Detailed presentation of necessary standard tests and procedures * Explanation of coal behavior relative to its usage alongside the corresponding environmental issues * Coverage of nomenclature, terminology, sampling, and accuracy and precision of analysis * Step-by-step test method protocols for proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, mineral matter, physical and electrical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties, spectroscopic properties, and solvent properties * Emphasis on relevant American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and test methods, including corresponding International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and British Standards Institution (BSI) test method numbers To assist readers in understanding the material, a glossary of terms is provided. Each term is defined in straightforward language that enables readers to better grasp complex concepts and theory. References at the end of each chapter lead readers to more in-depth discussions of specialized topics. This is an essential reference for analytical chemists, process chemists, and engineers in the coal industry as well as other professionals and researchers who are looking to coal as a means to decrease dependence on foreign oil sources and devise more efficient, cleaner methods of energy production.
Charcoal Analysis: New Analytical Tools and Methods for Archaeology: Papers from the Table-Ronde held in Basel 2004 Aedited by Alexa Dufraisse 9 papers from a symposium held in Basel in 2004 to discuss current aspects of charcoal analysis, including: (1) Palaeo-Ecological Reliability of Pedo-Anthacological Assemblages (Claire Delhon); (2) ...