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Turbocharging can provide a cost-effective means for increasing the power output and fuel economy of an internal combustion engine. It is commonly used on multi-cylinder engines, but not on commercial single-cylinder engines due to the phase mismatch between the exhaust stroke (when the turbocharger is powered) and the intake stroke (when the engine requires the compressed air). This work explores overcoming the phase mismatch problem by adding an air capacitor: a volume added in series with the intake manifold between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake. The function of the air capacitor is to buffer the output from the turbocharger compressor and deliver pressurized air during the intake stroke. This research focuses on demonstrating the feasibility of using an air capacitor to enable turbocharging single cylinder internal combustion engines. An analytical model of the system was created from first principles, which showed that the air capacitor turbocharging method could increase power output by up to 40% without heat transfer and up to 70% with heat transfer elements included in the intake manifold (such as an intercooler). An initial, proof-of-concept experiment was created using a generator as a dynamometer. With an air capacitor volume seven times the engine capacity, this setup was able to produce 29% more power compared to the same engine naturally aspirated. A numerical model was developed in Ricardo Wave to predict the performance of turbocharged single cylinder engines with air capacitors under different conditions. An experimental engine with accompanying dynamometer was constructed to demonstrate the effects of manifold sizing on engine performance and to experimentally validate the model. The experiment showed that the model was able to predict power output with an accuracy of 8% of peak power, fuel consumption within 7% error, air mass flow rates with 10% error, and manifold pressures within 7% error. The model was then combined with a simulated annealing optimization scheme in Matlab in order to conceptualize designs for the geometry and timings of single-cylinder turbocharged engines intended for different commercial applications. The optimization showed that adding an air capacitor and turbocharger to a 0.44L engine, with slight modifications to the valve and injector timings, could increase power by 88% compared to natural aspiration. By also modifying the bore and stroke, the turbocharged engine with an air capacitor could reduce fuel consumption by 8% compared to a naturally aspirated engine with equivalent peak power output.
Reports on the significant developments over the past two decades in designing manifolds for internal combustion engines, and shows how mature the calculation of one-dimensional, unsteady flow has become. Particularly describes how many of the limitations of the Method of Characteristics, used to calculate the unsteady flow of the compressible gases in the engine, can be removed by applying finite volume techniques, resulting in more accurate simulations and allowing more rapid and robust calculation. Helps practicing and student engineers understand how wave action in the inlet and exhaust manifolds of reciprocating engines affects the performance of the engine. Distributed in the US by ASME. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Turbocharging Normally Aspirated Engines on a Budget is a clear and detailed book that explains a method to turbocharge any engine - so the average gearhead can design a system that will be both reliable and low cost at the same time. This explains how to make custom turbocharger installations for any car, not bolt-on kits. Includes Toyota, GM, Dodge, and Mazda examples, tested and proven by Autocross racing experience, which can be copied directly or used as a roadmap to turbocharge other engines. Topics include eliminating spark knock, calculating horsepower, selecting turbocharger, CE (Compressor Efficiency), MAP, MAF, fuel injectors, upgrading the fuel system, intercoolers, and more. Written by an engineer. Includes detailed wiring diagrams, graphs, tables, formulas, and plenty of photographs. An Excel spreadsheet (for calculating turbocharger performance) described in the book can be downloaded from the author at LS6Fiero at Yahoo dot com.
This thesis presents a method for turbocharging single cylinder four stroke internal combustion engines, a model used to evaluate it, an experimental setup used to test it, and the findings of this experiment. A turbocharged engine has better fuel economy, cost efficiency, and power density than an equivalently sized, naturally aspirated engine. Most multi-cylinder diesel engines are turbocharged for this reason. However, due to the timing mismatch between the exhaust stroke, when the turbocharger is powered, and the intake stroke, when the engine intakes air, turbocharging is not used in commercial single cylinder engines. Single cylinder engines are ubiquitous in developing world off grid power applications such as tractors, generators, and water pumps due to their low cost. Turbocharging these engines could give users a lower cost and more fuel efficient engine. The proposed solution is to add an air capacitor, in the form of a large volume intake manifold, in between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake to smooth out the flow.
This book, together with its companion volume Design Techniques for Engine Manifolds - Wave Action Methods for IC Engines, reports the significant developments that have occurred over the last twenty years and shows how mature the calculation of one-dimensional flow has become. In particular, they show how the application of finite volume techniques results in more accurate simulations than the 'traditional' Method of Characteristics and gives the further benefit of more rapid and more robust calculations. CONTENTS INCLUDE: Introduction Governing equations Numerical methods Future developments in modelling unsteady flows in engine manifolds Simple boundaries at pipe ends Intra-pipe boundary conditions Turbocharging components The application of wave action methods to design and analysis of flow in engines.
Racing continues to provide the preeminent directive for advancing powertrain development for automakers worldwide. Formula 1, World Rally, and World Endurance Championship all provide engineering teams the most demanding and rigorous testing opportunities for the latest engine and technology designs. Turbocharging has seen significant growth in the passenger car market after years of development on racing circuits. Advances in Turbocharged Racing Engines combines ten essential SAE technical papers with introductory content from the editor on turbocharged engine use in F1, WRC, and WEC-recognizing how forced induction in racing has impacted production vehicle powertrains. Topics featured in this book include: Fundamental aspects of design and operation of turbocharged engines Electric turbocharger usage in F1 Turbocharged engine research by Toyota, SwRI and US EPA, Honda, and Caterpillar This book provides a historical and relevant insight into research and development of racing engines. The goal is to provide the latest advancements in turbocharged engines through examples and case studies that will appeal to engineers, executives, instructors, students, and enthusiasts alike.
Transform an average car or truck into a turbocharged high performance street machine. A handbook on theory and application of turbocharging for street and high-performance use, this book covers high performance cars and trucks. This comprehensive guide features sections on theory, indepth coverage of turbocharging components, fabricating systems, engine building and testing, aftermarket options and project vehicles.