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THE CHEMICAL PROCESS industry presents a complex set of materials selection challenges. Conducting corrosion testing of candidate materials under simulated or actual service conditions is widely used in the process of materials selection. ASTM G 4, Guide for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Field Applications and G 31, Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals, and NACE Standard TM-01-69, Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals are the general guides for conducting corrosion tests. While these standards can be very useful in making a preliminary list of the best candidate materials, they are designed primarily for the more common metals and alloys such as steel, aluminum alloys, and copper alloys. Certain portions of these procedures, e.g., cleaning methods, are not applicable to zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys. Although ASTM G 2 is designated specifically for zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys, it is a specific practice used in the nuclear industry. Therefore, a tailored practice for conducting corrosion specimen tests on zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys in chemical environments is needed. The use of test standards that have not been modified for zirconium or hafnium may lead to erroneous or invalid results.
Spectrophotometry enables one to determine, with good precision and sensitivity, almost all the elements present in small and trace quantities of any material. The method is particularly useful in the determination of non-metals and allows the determination elements in a large range of concentrations (from single % to low ppm levels) in various materials. In Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis, much attention has been paid to separation and preconcentration methods, since they play an essential role in increasing the selectivity and sensitivity of spectrophotometric methods. Separation and preconcentration methods have also been utilised in other determination techniques. Spectrophotometric methods which are widely used for the determination of the elements in a large variety of inorganic materials are presented in the book whilst separation and preconcentration procedures combined with spectrophotometry are also described. This book contains recent advances in spectrophotometry, detailed discussion of the instrumentation, and the techniques and reagents used for spectrophotometric determination of elements in a wide range of materials as well as a detailed discussion of separation and preconcentration procedures that precede the spectrophotometric detection.
Organometallic Chemistry of Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium covers the chemistry of organic complexes of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium having metal-to-carbon linkage. This book is organized into eight chapters that consider the significant developments in delineating the chemistry of these metal derivatives. This book starts with a description of the stability and bonding in cyclopentadienyl derivatives of the metals, based on the thermodynamic and spectroscopic evidence. The remaining chapters discuss the preparation and reactions of titanium-, zirconium-, and hafnium-bonded organic compounds. These chapters also look into the synthetic difficulties encountered from the reactions and preparation of these compounds. The stabilization and adduct formation of these metal complexes are also explored. Organic chemists and organic chemistry researchers and students will find this book invaluable.
Analytical Chemistry of Zirconium and Hafnium compiles literature on the characterization and analysis of zirconium and hafnium. Various methods in studying the properties of the featured elements are presented in this book. This book also discusses the aqueous solutions of zirconium and hafnium. It then explains the methods such as dissolution of ores and alloys, detection and identification, and gravimetric determinations. This text further examines the titrimetric, electrometric, and absorptiometric methods, as well as methods of separations using ion-exchange and using solvent extraction, along with separation of hafnium from zirconium. The latter part of this text presents methods such as spectrographic analyses, X-ray analyses, and neutron activation analysis and separation of tracers. This book will come in handy for chemists and chemistry students, as well as for others interested in studying zirconium and hafnium.