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Petrography is the scientific description of the composition and texture of rock, including the systematic classification of rocks. Petrographic examination of hardened concrete--a man-made rock--is the examination of concrete by the techniques used in petrography to determine the formation, composition, and internal structure of the concrete and to classify it as to its type, condition, and serviceability.
ALMOST 50 YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE THE PUBLICAtion of ASTM STP 169A, in which this chapter was first published. Katherine Mather, who wrote the first two versions of this chapter in ASTM STP 169A and 169B, quoted, in her closing, from St. Paul, "Things which are seen"--concrete and mortar--"were not made of things which do appear." But then, St. Paul was not a petrographer. St. Paul is not with us--neither is Katherine, who died in 1991. Much of this paper is still her "quote" on petrography, but with changes and additions that update the subject.
Archaeomagnetic dating—dating archaeological and geological materials by comparing their magnetic data with known changes in the earth's magnetic field—has proved to be of increasing reliability in establishing behavioral and social referents of archaeological data. Now this volume presents the first book-length treatment of its theory and methodology in North American archaeology. The sixteen original papers in many cases represent the work of individuals who have been intimately involved with the development and refinement of archaeomagnetic dating techniques. They discuss the geophysical underpinnings of archaeomagnetism; general methodological problems associated with present archaeomagnetic studies, such as sample collection, data measurement and analysis, and experimental control; and advances in experimental archaeology. Case histories consider both successful and unsuccessful applications of the technique in New World fieldwork. Raw data is provided in an appendix. While the volume deals specifically with problems of archaeomagnetic direction dating in the Americas, it should prove useful in constructing exact chronologies in other archaeological sites as well and in the geologic record at large. As the only single volume devoted to the subject, it will serve as the standard reference in the field.
Microscopy of Ceramics and Cements: Including Glasses, Slags, and Foundry Sands presents the extraordinary value of the microscope in dealing with problems in the manufacture and use of ceramics. This book outlines the methods that are useful in applying polarizing microscope. Organized into 15 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the features of the instruments and of the methods employing them that are appropriate to their use in ceramic research and control laboratories. This text then book surveys the foundation of past experience with the microscope in the several ceramic fields of whitewares, refractories, porcelain enamels, cements, abrasives, foundry sands, and metallurgical slags as a basis for engineering applications and fundamental studies. Other chapters consider the nomenclature employed and interference figures. This book discusses as well the raw materials of ceramics. The final chapter deals with commercially used natural abrasives. This book is a valuable resource for chemists, physicist, and mineralogists.