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This Brief explores emerging trends in drug use and distribution. This timely Brief examines recent examples of emerging drugs including salvia (from the plant Salvia divinorum), bath salts (and other synthetic stimulants) and so-called research chemicals (primarily substituted phenethylamines, synthetic cousins of ecstasy), which have tended to receive brief levels of high intensity media coverage that may or may not reflect an actual increase in their usage. Over the past decade in particular, “new” substances being used recreationally seem to come out of obscurity and gain rapid popularity, particularly spurred on by discussion and distribution over the internet. While changing trends in the drug market have always presented a challenge for law enforcement and public health officials, online forums, media coverage and other recent trends discussed in this Brief allow them to gain popularity more quickly and change more frequently. These rapid shifts allow less time for researchers to understand the potential health consequences of these substances and for law enforcement to stay abreast of abuses of legal substances. This work includes: 1) review of relevant research and literature, 2) review the Internet sources in which many deem important in influencing the emerging drug market, 3) discussion of national and international trends in use, abuse and distribution of these substances and 4) examination of current drug policy and recommendations for the future. This brief will be useful for criminology and criminal justice, sociology and public health. It will also be useful for those that deal with youth and the problems that may develop during adolescence and early adulthood.
This paper explores the ways in which cocaine was bought, sold, and consumed in the years prior to its legal prohibition. Much previous historical inquiry has focused on chronicling anti-drug legislation with the dual intent of locating the roots of contemporary drug policy, and linking legislation to trends in drug use and drug users' experiences. This paper suggests, however, that legislative developments alone cannot account for the changing patterns of cocaine's sale and use. Making extensive use of the records of those who legally distributed cocaine, including physicians, retail druggists, and drug manufacturers, this paper contends that, prior to prohibition, patterns in the legal use and distribution of cocaine underwent a substantial transformation. As a consequence of this transformation, cocaine was, by the turn of the century, feared as a menace to society. The response to these changes was a vigorous attempt to enforce standards of appropriate use through informal controls, such as voluntary limits on drugstore cocaine sales, and more formal methods, such as police treatment of cocaine sellers and users as a public nuisance. These developments suggest that there were loosely defined ideas of "legitimate" and "illegitimate" sales and use which affected the market for cocaine, even in the absence of laws which formalized those definitions. The impact of public response made cocaine's status as a legal drug small comfort to many users.