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U.S. military presence in Europe after World War II played a significant role in maintaining deterrence against Soviet expansion and influence in Western Europe during the Cold War. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, most European countries reduced their military capabilities and put more attention on wellness and social security issues. The Balkan conflict showed that only U.S. forces in Europe had sufficient capability to intervene and stabilize the situation. Even after fighting two wars in South East Asia, the U.S. may be the only country capable of checking Russia?s rising military power and nationalism. Cyber attacks, information operations and politically motivated statements show that Russia still has ambitions to expand her influence and control over the Baltic Sea region. Reduction of U.S. military presence in Europe might put the Baltic States in particular at risk of physical threat. This Paper describes what might be strategic implications for Baltic Sea regional security after a downsized U.S. military presence in Europe. It also proposes probable actions that should be taken by the Baltic States and NATO to continue successful deterrence against Russia.
The book examines the security puzzles posed by the remaining legacies of dominance and conflict in the Baltic Sea region as governments seek to integrate the three Baltic sates in a more stable system of cooperative security.
How should the countries in the Baltic Sea region and their allies meet the strategic challenges posed by an openly aggressive and expansionist Russia? NATO and the nonaligned states in the region are now more concerned about an external threat than they have been since the end of the Cold War. Russia has been probing air space, maritime boundaries, and even land borders from the Baltic republics to Sweden. Russia's undermining of Ukraine and annexation of Crimea worries former Soviet republics with Russian minority populations, nonaligned Sweden and Finland are enhancing their cooperation with NATO, and the Trump presidency has created some doubt about America's willingness to follow through on NATO's collective defense commitment. Ann-Sofie Dahl brings together an international group of experts to examine Baltic security issues on a state-by-state basis and to contemplate what is needed to deter Russia in the region. The contributors analyze ways to strengthen regional cooperation, and to ensure that security in the region stays at the top of the agenda at a time of many competing strategic perspectives in the transatlantic community. This book will be of great interest to foreign policy and defense practitioners in the US and Europe as well as scholars and students of international relations.
Ann-Sofie Dahl brings together an international group of experts to examine Baltic security issues on a state-by-state basis and to contemplate what is needed to deter Russia in the region. They analyze ways to strengthen regional cooperation and to ensure that Baltic security stays a top priority despite competing strategic perspectives.
This study presents the outcome of a Track II dialogue among civil society leaders, security experts, academics, and government representatives from across the Baltic States, Poland, and the United States who came together to discuss the shared threats and challenges facing NATO’s eastern flank in light of Russia’s aggressive behavior toward its neighbors. The objective of the study was to enhance scholarship on the challenges stemming from the Ukraine crisis and to inform public discussions on the evolving nature and future of security and defense relations among the United States, the Baltic States, and Poland.
This book focuses on the recent political trajectories within the Baltic Sea Region from one of the success stories of regionalism in Europe to a potential area of military confrontation between Russia and NATO. The authors closely examine the following issues: new security challenges for the region stemming from Russia’s staunch anti-EU and anti-NATO polices, institutions and practices of multi-level governance in the region, and different cultural strategies that regional actors employ. The common threads of this innovative volume are issues of changing borders and boundaries in the region, and logics of inclusion and exclusion that shape its political contours. From diverse disciplinary and methodological positions the authors explain policies of specific Baltic Sea states, as well as structural matters that make them a region.
The report Baltic Sea Security: Regional and Sectoral Perspectives offers a multifaceted discussion of the complex security issues affecting the Baltic region that have important implications for the cohesion of the wider Transatlantic alliance. The Baltic littoral countries have chosen to respond to similar security concerns using differing approaches, keeping the region's strategic situation a challenging puzzle for the future. In 2019 and 2020, scholars Olevs Nikers and Otto Tabuns, the founders of the Riga-based Baltic Sea Security Initiative, gathered together regional and international experts and security professionals to provide an in-depth analysis of the current levels of defense and security cooperation among the Western countries in the Baltic basin. This series of discussions focused on 1) military cooperation and interoperability in maritime and air defense, 2) societal resilience in resisting information warfare and other hybrid threats, as well as 3) a joint approach to dealing with economic, financial and critical infrastructure threats. In addition to elucidating the variety of national perspectives in the region, the work of the experts spotlights the significant regional and sectoral issues that overstep the boundaries of national policy. Moreover, the study identifies the current limitations of international organizations such as NATO and the EU to respond to the threats faced by their Baltic littoral member states. Long-term strategic coordination among the Baltic partnering nations should be on the minds of all regional security and defense stakeholders. This report is intended to aid in that endeavor and to serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, professionals and scholars seeking to address the challenges facing the West in the Baltic Sea region.
This book explores environmental challenges in the Baltic region from an economic perspective. Featuring contributions from regional experts from Nordic, Baltic and Eastern European countries it addresses the response to eutrophication caused by increased loads of nutrients to the sea from agriculture, wastewater, industry and traffic, and cost-effective solutions to reach the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets, set up through the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM). Contributions also explore the environmental impacts of rural landscape change during the post-communist period in the Baltic Sea region and a review of the ex-post evaluations of the costs and benefits generated by Baltic Sea nutrient abatement policies. Public policies towards marine protection, wind power establishment, and attitudes to paying for environmental protection, environmental resilience and the international cooperation in the Baltic region are also discussed.