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This research is focused on developing nuclear fuel claddings with ceramic coatings that can perform well during normal operation and can withstand transient conditions such as loss of coolant accident for longer durations than current cladding material and then provide longer coping times. This was done by creating TiAlN coatings using physical vapor deposition and optimizing the deposition parameters and multilayer architecture to achieve the best performance.Zirconium-based alloys are currently widely used as cladding materials due to their low neutron absorption cross-section, good mechanical properties and high melting point. However, waterside corrosion of these alloys cause zirconium oxide formation and hydrogen generation which leads to hydrogen pick up and hydride embrittlement. Moreover, hydrogen generation in case of accelerated corrosion at higher temperatures due to loss of active cooling can lead to hydrogen explosions such as observed in the Fukushima-Daiichi accident when hydrogen explosions in the reactor building worsened the accident conditions. This accident motivated research into Accident Tolerant Fuels (ATF), which are fuels that are more forgiving in case of a loss-of-coolant-accident (LOCA). This research is an innovative approach since it considers application of TiN and TiAlN ceramic coatings on ZIRLO substrate by cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CA-PVD), which improve corrosion resistance without a major change in core design and contribute to the design safety.Cathodic arc physical vapor deposition was used since it provides flexibility in coating properties by adjustment of deposition parameters. A systematic study was performed to identify the optimum deposition parameters to achieve enhanced adhesion of nitride-based coatings on ZIRLO substrates and best corrosion performance. The developed coatings are subjected to scratch tests and long-term corrosion tests. First, the single-layer TiAlN and single-layer TiN coating deposition on ZIRLO sheets were characterized in detail with regards to their as-deposited coating properties (topography, uniformity, crystal structure, residual stresses), failure modes during scratch testing and oxide formation after corrosion testing. Second, a multilayer coating design architecture is investigated to achieve enhanced corrosion resistance. Then the 8-layer TiN/TiAlN coatings deposited on ZIRLO tubes were exposed to long-term corrosion testing. Throughout the study, the following parameters were optimized to provide best corrosion resistance: (i) substrate surface roughness, (ii) substrate surface preparation method, (iii) titanium bond coating layer thickness, (iv) total coating thickness, (v) cathode composition, (vi) substrate bias, (vii) nitrogen partial pressure and (viii) multilayer design architecture.Mechanical performance evaluation involved scratch testing and post-scratched sample failure mode characterization. The corrosion tests were performed at Westinghouse in autoclave in static pure water at 360C and 18.7 MPa up to 128 days in order to evaluate the normal operating condition performance of the coatings. Furthermore, supercritical water testing was performed in University of Michigan autoclave at in deaerated water at 542C and 24.5 MPa for 48 hours. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to test oxidation onset point in air atmosphere. Furthermore, high temperature air oxidation testing was performed in furnace in air atmosphere up to 800C. Weight gain analysis and characterizations (optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy) were performed to examine as-deposited coating properties and to evaluate coating performance after corrosion and mechanical testing.The results determined that 8-layer TiN/TiAlN coatings deposited with optimized parameters achieved good adhesion and substantially enhanced corrosion performance, which makes this approach promising for development of accident tolerant nuclear fuel cladding.
This Guide has been developed particularly for solid waste management practitioners, such as local government officials, facility owners and operators, consultants, and regulatory agency specialists. Contains technical and economic information to help these practitioners meet the daily challenges of planning, managing, and operating municipal solid waste (MSW) programs and facilities. The Guide's primary goals are to encourage reduction of waste at the source and to foster implementation of integrated solid waste management systems that are cost-effective and protect human health and the environment. Illustrated.
This publication presents cleaning and etching solutions, their applications, and results on inorganic materials. It is a comprehensive collection of etching and cleaning solutions in a single source. Chemical formulas are presented in one of three standard formats - general, electrolytic or ionized gas formats - to insure inclusion of all necessary operational data as shown in references that accompany each numbered formula. The book describes other applications of specific solutions, including their use on other metals or metallic compounds. Physical properties, association of natural and man-made minerals, and materials are shown in relationship to crystal structure, special processing techniques and solid state devices and assemblies fabricated. This publication also presents a number of organic materials which are widely used in handling and general processing...waxes, plastics, and lacquers for example. It is useful to individuals involved in study, development, and processing of metals and metallic compounds. It is invaluable for readers from the college level to industrial R & D and full-scale device fabrication, testing and sales. Scientific disciplines, work areas and individuals with great interest include: chemistry, physics, metallurgy, geology, solid state, ceramic and glass, research libraries, individuals dealing with chemical processing of inorganic materials, societies and schools.
Corrosion Prevention and Protection: Practical Solutions presents a functional approach to the various forms of corrosion, such as uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion, hydrogen-induced damage, sulphide stress cracking, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion fatigue in various industrial environments. The book is split into two parts. The first, consisting of five chapters: Introduction and Principles (Fundamentals) of Corrosion Corrosion Testing, Detection, Monitoring and Failure Analysis Regulations, Specifications and Safety Materials: Metals, Alloys, Steels and Plastics Corrosion Economics and Corrosion Management The second part of the book consists of two chapters which present: a discussion of corrosion reactions, media, active and active-passive corrosion behaviour and the various forms of corrosion, a collection of case histories and practical solutions which span a wide range of industrial problems in a variety of frequently encountered environments, including statues & monuments, corrosion problems in metallurgical and mineral processing plants, boilers, heat exchangers and cooling towers, aluminum and copper alloys, galvanized steel structures as well as hydrogeological environmental corrosion This text is relevant to researchers and practitioners, engineers and chemists, working in corrosion in industry, government laboratories and academia. It is also suitable as a course text for engineering students as well as libraries related to chemical and chemical engineering institutes and research departments.
NASA commissioned the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) to conduct a thorough review of both the technical and the organizational causes of the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew on February 1, 2003. The accident investigation that followed determined that a large piece of insulating foam from Columbia's external tank (ET) had come off during ascent and struck the leading edge of the left wing, causing critical damage. The damage was undetected during the mission. The Columbia accident was not survivable. After the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) investigation regarding the cause of the accident was completed, further consideration produced the question of whether there were lessons to be learned about how to improve crew survival in the future. This investigation was performed with the belief that a comprehensive, respectful investigation could provide knowledge that can protect future crews in the worldwide community of human space flight. Additionally, in the course of the investigation, several areas of research were identified that could improve our understanding of both nominal space flight and future spacecraft accidents. This report is the first comprehensive, publicly available accident investigation report addressing crew survival for a human spacecraft mishap, and it provides key information for future crew survival investigations. The results of this investigation are intended to add meaning to the sacrifice of the crew's lives by making space flight safer for all future generations.