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The 1991 disintegration of the Soviet Union produced 5 new countries in Central Asia -- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan & Uzbekistan. This report takes a comprehensive view of the prospects for regional cooperation in Central Asia, examining the benefits from breaking down barriers & achieving closer regional connections in a number of key areas. It demonstrates that increased cooperation among Central Asian countries will produce large economic gains in reducing trade costs, increasing remittances, & improving water & energy use. Cooperation will especially help the poor in the region, who will on balance gain more, while the cost of non-cooperation will fall especially on the poor & vulnerable. Illustrations.
This report is a comprehensive analysis of the many challenges that confront Central Asia, including high trade costs, environmental devastation, increased inequality, rising migration, the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS and poor governance. There has been recent progress towards regional cooperation, but the barriers created by borders negatively affect peoples' lives. It is contended that increased cooperation among the Central Asian republics, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan would produce substantial political and economic gains, including income increases of 50 percent to 100 percent over the next ten years. The cost of non-cooperation is continued deterioration in income distribution, social services and general living conditions, according to the Report, and possibly a descent into the vicious cycle of economic crisis and corrupt governance that often leads to social unrest.
Why are carefully designed, sensible policies too often not adopted or implemented? When they are, why do they often fail to generate development outcomes such as security, growth, and equity? And why do some bad policies endure? World Development Report 2017: Governance and the Law addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. Policy making and policy implementation do not occur in a vacuum. Rather, they take place in complex political and social settings, in which individuals and groups with unequal power interact within changing rules as they pursue conflicting interests. The process of these interactions is what this Report calls governance, and the space in which these interactions take place, the policy arena. The capacity of actors to commit and their willingness to cooperate and coordinate to achieve socially desirable goals are what matter for effectiveness. However, who bargains, who is excluded, and what barriers block entry to the policy arena determine the selection and implementation of policies and, consequently, their impact on development outcomes. Exclusion, capture, and clientelism are manifestations of power asymmetries that lead to failures to achieve security, growth, and equity. The distribution of power in society is partly determined by history. Yet, there is room for positive change. This Report reveals that governance can mitigate, even overcome, power asymmetries to bring about more effective policy interventions that achieve sustainable improvements in security, growth, and equity. This happens by shifting the incentives of those with power, reshaping their preferences in favor of good outcomes, and taking into account the interests of previously excluded participants. These changes can come about through bargains among elites and greater citizen engagement, as well as by international actors supporting rules that strengthen coalitions for reform.
Comprehensive analysis of the many challenges that confront Central Asia, including high trade costs, environmental devastation, increased inequality, rising migration, the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS and poor governance. There has been recent progress towards regional cooperation, but the Report shows that the barriers created by borders negatively affect peoples' lives. The Report contends that increased cooperation among the Central Asian republics--Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan--would produce substantial political and economic gains, including income increases of 50 percent to 100 percent over the next ten years. The cost of non-cooperation is continued deterioration in income distribution, social services and general living conditions, according to the Report, and possibly a descent into the vicious cycle of economic crisis and corrupt governance that often leads to social unrest.
Work is constantly reshaped by technological progress. New ways of production are adopted, markets expand, and societies evolve. But some changes provoke more attention than others, in part due to the vast uncertainty involved in making predictions about the future. The 2019 World Development Report will study how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today. Technological progress disrupts existing systems. A new social contract is needed to smooth the transition and guard against rising inequality. Significant investments in human capital throughout a person’s lifecycle are vital to this effort. If workers are to stay competitive against machines they need to train or retool existing skills. A social protection system that includes a minimum basic level of protection for workers and citizens can complement new forms of employment. Improved private sector policies to encourage startup activity and competition can help countries compete in the digital age. Governments also need to ensure that firms pay their fair share of taxes, in part to fund this new social contract. The 2019 World Development Report presents an analysis of these issues based upon the available evidence.
Human Development in South Asia 1999 analyzes governance issues from the perspective of political, economic, social and civic dimensions, provides and in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of corruption, and advocates a concrete and realistic reform agenda necessary for promoting 'human governance' in the region. In this regard, the report introduces a new index that ranks countries based on their performance in the spheres of economic, political and civic governance.
Contents: (1) Most Recent Developments; (2) Historical Background; (3) Overview of U.S. Policy Concerns: Post-9/11 and Afghanistan; Support for Oper. Iraqi Freedom; (4) Fostering Pro-Western Orientations: Russia¿s Role; (5) Obstacles to Peace and Independence: Regional Tensions and Conflicts: The 1992-1997 Civil War in Tajikistan; The Incursions into Kyrgyzstan; Attacks in Uzbekistan; The 2005 Violence in Andijon, Uzbekistan; The Summer 2009 Suicide Bombings and Attacks in Uzbekistan; Actions of the IMU and IJU in Pakistan and Afghanistan; Actions of the IMU and IJU in Germany and Elsewhere; (6) Human Rights and Democratization; (7) Security and Arms Control; (8) Trade and Invest.; Energy Resources; (9) U.S. Aid; (10) Legislation.