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Catalytic kinetics and thermal management in fabricated microreactors were studied for the design of distributed energy and portable power production systems. Specifically, kinetically relevant experimental data was generated for the following chemistries: preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO in excess H 2, water-gas shift (WGS), reverse water-gas shift (RWGS), and H 2, CO, syngas, CH 4, C 2 H 6, and C 3 H 8 oxidation over a supported Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The effect of wall material properties and reactor configuration was also determined through the modeling, design, fabrication, and experimentation of microcombustors for integration with thermoelectrics and enhancement of thermal stability from heat recirculation. CO oxidation over Pt was found to be structure sensitive, as the observed turnover frequency (TOF) rate increased with larger Pt crystallite sizes. A multisite, microkinetic model (containing reaction and diffusion steps) developed using density functional theory (DFT) energy barriers and thermodynamically consistent preexponentials for terraces (Pt(111)) and steps (Pt(211)) also predicts this trend. An excessive fraction of H 2 was shown to enhance and inhibit CO oxidation at low and high temperature, respectively. By increasing the CO:O 2 ratio in the presence of excess H 2, CO conversions above the equilibrium value were observed and rationalized with a microkinetic model. WGS and RWGS experiments were performed at high temperatures (where RWGS is favorable) and positive order kinetics were observed for H 2 O and H 2 in WGS and RWGS, respectively. In the catalytic combustion of syngas mixtures (1:1 and 1:3 for coal gas and methane reformate, respectively), high CO selectivities were observed at low temperatures. CO and H 2 catalytic combustion experiments were also performed for comparison purposes. H 2 catalytic oxidation was strongly inhibited by the presence of CO. Hysteresis was also observed at high H 2 conversions and is discussed. Kinetic parameters were estimated for lean CH 4, C 2 H 6, and C 3 H 8 catalytic combustion. The relative activity was observed to be C 3 H 8> C 2 H 6> CH 4 and the catalytic combustion of small alkanes over Pt/Al 2 O 3 was found to follow a homologous series. Thermal management of an integrated thermoelectric/single channel, catalytic microcombustor was studied using H 2, CH 3 OH, and C 3 H 8 fuels. Electrical power generation (maximum 0.65 W) with a thermal efficiency up to ~ 1.1% was measured. Thermal management strategies, such as heat recirculation, were exploited with fabricated microreactors designed via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for C 3 H 8 combustion. It was shown through both experiments and simulation that catalytic heat recirculation burners have similar stability to single channel burners in the limit of highly conductive walls. In contrast, for low conductivity walls, heat recirculation proved to be effective at increasing combustion stability relative to single channel burners.
Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution reviews recent developments in this key component of the emerging "hydrogen economy," an energy infrastructure based on hydrogen. Since hydrogen can be produced without using fossil fuels, a move to such an economy has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy security. However, such a move also requires the advanced production, storage and usage techniques discussed in this book. Part one introduces the fundamentals of hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, including an overview of the development of the necessary infrastructure, an analysis of the potential environmental benefits, and a review of some important hydrogen production technologies in conventional, bio-based, and nuclear power plants. Part two focuses on hydrogen production from renewable resources, and includes chapters outlining the production of hydrogen through water electrolysis, photocatalysis, and bioengineered algae. Finally, part three covers hydrogen production using inorganic membrane reactors, the storage of hydrogen, fuel cell technology, and the potential of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation. Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution provides a detailed overview of the components and challenges of a hydrogen economy. This book is an invaluable resource for research and development professionals in the energy industry, as well as academics with an interest in this important subject. Reviews developments and research in this dynamic area Discusses the challenges of creating an infrastructure to store and distribute hydrogen Reviews the production of hydrogen using electrolysis and photo-catalytic methods
Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process. This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines.
IMRET 5 featured more than 80 oral and poster communications, covering the entire interdisciplinary field from design, production, modeling and characterization of microreactor devices to application of microstructured systems for production, energy and transportation, including many analytical and biological applications. A particularly strong topic was the investigation of the potential of microstructuring of reactors and systems components for process intensification. Perspectives of combining local, in situ, data acquisition with appropriate microstructuring of actuators and components within chemical and biological devices were explored in order to enhance process performance and facilitate process control.
Process Intensification: Engineering for Efficiency, Sustainability and Flexibility is the first book to provide a practical working guide to understanding process intensification (PI) and developing successful PI solutions and applications in chemical process, civil, environmental, energy, pharmaceutical, biological, and biochemical systems. Process intensification is a chemical and process design approach that leads to substantially smaller, cleaner, safer, and more energy efficient process technology. It improves process flexibility, product quality, speed to market and inherent safety, with a reduced environmental footprint. This book represents a valuable resource for engineers working with leading-edge process technologies, and those involved research and development of chemical, process, environmental, pharmaceutical, and bioscience systems. No other reference covers both the technology and application of PI, addressing fundamentals, industry applications, and including a development and implementation guide Covers hot and high growth topics, including emission prevention, sustainable design, and pinch analysis World-class authors: Colin Ramshaw pioneered PI at ICI and is widely credited as the father of the technology
Interest in structured catalysts is steadily increasing due to the already proven, as well as potential, advantages of these catalysts. Updating the comprehensive coverage of the first edition published in 1998 with the latest science and applications, Structured Catalysts and Reactors, Second Edition gives detailed information on all aspect
In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century.
Catalytic Reactors presents several key aspects of reactor design in Chemical and Process Engineering. Starting with the fundamental science across a broad interdisciplinary field, this graduate level textbook offers a concise overview on reactor and process design for students, scientists and practitioners new to the field. This book aims to collate into a comprehensive and well-informed work of leading researchers from north America, western Europe and south-east Asia. The editor and international experts discuss state-of-the-art applications of multifunctional reactors, biocatalytic membrane reactors, micro-flow reactors, industrial catalytic reactors, micro trickle bed reactors and multiphase catalytic reactors. The use of catalytic reactor technology is essential for the economic viability of the chemical manufacturing industry. The importance of Chemical and Process Engineering and efficient design of reactors are another focus of the book. Especially the combination of advantages from both catalysis and chemical reaction technology for optimization and intensification as essential factors in the future development of reactors and processes are discussed. Furthermore, options that can drastically influence reaction processes, e.g. choice of catalysts, alternative reaction pathways, mass and heat transfer effects, flow regimes and inherent design of catalytic reactors are reviewed in detail. Focuses on the state-of-the-art applications of catalytic reactors and optimization in the design and operation of industrial catalytic reactors Insights into transfer of knowledge from laboratory science to industry For students and researchers in Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, Industrial Catalysis and practising Engineers
In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon utilization technologies under a variety of circumstances, whether motivated by a goal to improve processes for making carbon-based products, to generate revenue, or to achieve environmental goals.