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Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Sociology - Individual, Groups, Society, grade: MA, Oregon State University, language: English, abstract: This paper analyses India's caste system from Ancient to modern. During the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, many countries of the East developed along the path of modernization of social, political, and socio-economic life. In some states, this process was interrupted by social explosions, which led to a rollback to the past. Others appeared capable of finding a viable balance between traditional and modern values. In both cases, specific political systems emerged, which are characterized by the coexistence of Western democratic principles and traditional social institutions. Thus, in India, on the one hand, the involvement of the caste in political life led to some transformation of this ancient social structure and retained its position in modern society; on the other, it created such a phenomenon as "democracy of the castes". Castes/jati are formed on the basis of a related self-organization; they have a different origin, but most of them go back to archaic tribes and tribal fragments; they are characterized by endogamy, hereditary profession, originality of culture. Ideological substantiations of the caste mode of communication are directly related to the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, dharma, karma, and sansara, which describe Indian ideas about the laws of the existence of the Universe and nature. Modern Indian society is distinguished by its phenomenal mosaic composition. Numerous and diverse linguistic, ethnic, confessional, caste groups not only coexist, but they are intertwined in the fabric of a social organism. Indians' identity is usually vague; its different variants come to the fore in different contexts; they overlap and complement each other. Entire communities do not have an unambiguous scientific nomination.
Contents: Introduction, The Caste System, India s Social Customs and Systems, The Changing Concept of Caste in India: History and Review, Society: Class, Family and Individual, Division of Castes, Expulsion from Caste, Caste System: A Case of South India, Caste System in India, Various Rules: Religion and Caste, Organisation and Jurisdiction, Disintegration and Multiplication of Caste, Caste and Structure of Society, Our Social Heritage.
With special reference to Uttar Pradesh, India.
Castes in India was basically a paper read by B. R. Ambedkar at a seminar in New York in May 1916. In the same year, he was awarded a PhD degree by Columbia University on this topic. Later, it was translated in many languages. In this treatise, Ambedkar wrote that "the superposition of endogamy on exogamy means the creation of caste.” Ambedkar views that definitions of castes given by several scholars and sociologists as incomplete by itself and all have missed the central point in the mechanism of the caste system. He was of the opinion that the endogamy (absence of intermarriage) is the only one that can be called the essence of caste and only characteristic that is peculiar to caste. In spite of the endogamy of the castes within them, exogamy is strictly observed and that there are more rigorous penalties for violating exogamy than there are for violating endogamy. Ambedkar treated class and caste as neighbours, saying that "a caste is an Enclosed Class"
Contributed articles, excerpts, etc., chiefly in the Indian context.
Monograph comprising contributions on the system of caste-like social stratification among muslims (Islam) in India - examines social status, social mobility, the role of religion, political power and caste stratification, etc. In various ethnic groups located in different states. Bibliography after each paper and statistical tables.