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The experiences of these countries in wrestling with issues of sustainability may serve also as examples for both developed and developing countries worldwide."--Jacket.
The rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century forged a new ecological order in North American and Western European states, radically transforming the environment through science and technology in the name of human progress. Far less known are the dramatic environmental changes experienced by Eastern Europe, in many ways a terra incognita for environmental historians and anthropologists. A New Ecological Order explores, from a historical and ethnographic perspective, the role of state planners, bureaucrats, and experts—engineers, agricultural engineers, geographers, biologists, foresters, and architects—as agents of change in the natural world of Eastern Europe from 1870 to the early twenty-first century. Contributors consider territories engulfed by empires, from the Habsburg to the Ottoman to tsarist Russia; territories belonging to disintegrating empires; and countries in the Balkan Peninsula, Central and Eastern Europe, and Eurasia. Together, they follow a rhetoric of “correcting nature,” a desire to exploit the natural environment and put its resources to work for the sake of developing the economies and infrastructures of modern states. They reveal an eagerness among newly established nation-states, after centuries of imperial economic and political impositions, to import scientific knowledge and new technologies from Western Europe that would aid in their economic development, and how those imports and ideas about nature ultimately shaped local projects and policies.
As Central and Eastern European countries queue up to become members of a widely expanded European Union, the question of how their environmental laws and performance can become consistent with current standards has become of paramount importance. Forecasts are largely gloomy, with some commentators suggesting that it will take decades for full compliance to be achieved. This casebook presents the experiences of 14 companies in integrating environmental considerations in day-to-day operations in these emerging economies. The companies, both large and small, represent different sectors in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. The book presents best-practice examples from companies that have successfully integrated environmental concerns into business management and improved their environmental as well as economic performance as a result. They show that different types of change are needed: technical, organizational and behavioural, and that only companies that embrace change can be successful in the big picture that is opening up for these countries.
Beginning with an overview of data and concepts developed in the EU-project HABIT-CHANGE, this book addresses the need for sharing knowledge and experience in the field of biodiversity conservation and climate change. There is an urgent need to build capacity in protected areas to monitor, assess, manage and report the effects of climate change and their interaction with other pressures. The contributors identify barriers to the adaptation of conservation management, such as the mismatch between planning reality and the decision context at site level. Short and vivid descriptions of case studies, drawn from investigation areas all over Central and Eastern Europe, illustrate both the local impacts of climate change and their consequences for future management. These focus on ecosystems most vulnerable to changes in climatic conditions, including alpine areas, wetlands, forests, lowland grasslands and coastal areas. The case studies demonstrate the application of adaptation strategies in protected areas like National Parks, Biosphere Reserves and Natural Parks, and reflect the potential benefits as well as existing obstacles. A general section provides the necessary background information on climate trends and their effects on abiotic and biotic components. Often, the parties to policy change and conservation management, including managers, land users and stakeholders, lack both expertise and incentives to undertake adaptation activities. The authors recognise that achieving the needed changes in behavior – habit – is as much a social learning process as a matter of science-based procedure. They describe the implementation of modeling, impact assessment and monitoring of climate conditions, and show how the results can support efforts to increase stakeholder involvement in local adaptation strategies. The book concludes by pointing out the need for more work to communicate the cross-sectoral nature of biodiversity protection, the value of well-informed planning in the long-term process of adaptation, the definition of acceptable change, and the motivational value of exchanging experience and examples of good practice.
In this new edition, the progress made in the last decade to solve the environmental problems described in the first edition is assessed. The attempts to bring environmental legislation into line with West European norms is also described. Environmental Problems of East-Central Europe looks at air and water pollution, modern farming, water supplies, waste management and landscape protection. These topics are placed within economic, social and political profiles, as spending on a clean environment must be reconciled with welfare spending and the safeguarding of jobs, European Union assistance, civil society and the work of environmental NGOs are also discussed. All of these matters are considered within the context of the wider geographical area and then by each individual country, including the previously communist states lying to the west of the Soviet Union (now with the former federal states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia broken up into seven different entities) and a review of the former Soviet Union with particular reference to the Baltic States. Environmental Problems in East-Central Europe provides a wealth of up-to-date reference material, with a vast amount of supporting literature on environmental conditions and the functioning of civil society and a map of each country. The environment is being taken seriously by them all, such is the influence of the Rio sustainability agenda in general and the EU environmental 'acquis' in particular. The book reveals that Eastern Europe is not a blighted area, but in some respects has a higher biodiversity than Western Europe. Although there is enormous waste and inefficiency in energy use, people actually consume relatively little and the East therefore has some lessons for the West in terms of managing on the bases of 'fair share' of the earth's resources.
V. The return of history.
Protecting environmental quality while pursuing economic development poses a particularly difficult challenge to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, where political and economic systems are changing rapidly following decades of environmental neglect and economic mismanagement. Advanced industrial nations also face difficult decisions about priorities and procedures for providing financial assistance to the region. In order to identify workable solutions, Pollution Abatement Strategies in Central and Eastern Europe investigates some of the leading pollution problems that these countries now face and examines the link between economic restructuring and environmental improvement. Contributors to the volume assess the changes in the region's environmental conditions likely to result from economic restructuring and the benefits that might arise from improvements. They also consider the design of effective environmental policies for economies in transition, including the need to introduce or reform basic economic, legal, and regulatory constructs. Comparisons of incentive-based versus command-and-control environmental policies suggest that, despite the difficulties in implementing them, incentive-based policy options are worth pursuing in Central and Eastern Europe.
RFF University Fellow Wallace Oates has assembled much of RFF's best work in a new volume that provides teachers and students, the public policy community, and informed readers with a broader, deeper perspective on natural resources and the environment. This treasure trove of balanced and authoritative analysis belongs on the bookshelf of any individual or institution concerned about environmental policy.