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Carbonyls from gasoline powered light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles (HDDVs) operated on chassis dynamometers were measured using an annular denuder-quartz filter-polyurethane foam sampler with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine derivatization and chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Two internal standards were utilized based on carbonyl recovery, 4-fluorobenzaldehyde forC8 carbonyls and 6-fluoro-4-chromanone for_C8 compounds. Gas- and particle-phase emissions for 39 aliphatic and 20 aromatic carbonyls ranged from 0.1? 2000?g/L fuel for LDVs and 1.8 - 27000 mu g/L fuel for HDDVs. Gas-phase species accounted for 81-95percent of the total carbonyls from LDVs and 86-88percent from HDDVs. Particulate carbonyls emitted from a HDDV under realistic driving conditions were similar to concentrations measured in a diesel particulate matter (PM) standard reference material. Carbonyls accounted for 19percent of particulate organic carbon (POC) emissions from low-emission LDVs and 37percent of POC emissions from three-way catalyst equipped LDVs. This identifies carbonyls as one of the largest classes of compounds in LDV PM emissions. The carbonyl fraction of HDDV POC was lower, 3.3-3.9percent depending upon operational conditions. Partitioning analysis indicates the carbonyls had not achieved equilibrium between the gas- and particle-phase under the dilution factors of 126-584 used in the current study.
The understanding of carbonyl emissions from motor vehicles was enhanced via new chemical analysis approaches in conjunction with alternative emissions sample collection methodologies and examination of solution photolysis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) chemical analysis with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) derivatization provides additional analytical utility for characterization of carbonyl emissions from motor vehicle combustion. This is especially true for compounds containing multiple carbonyl functional groups, e.g., quinones, which are typically hindered in gas-chromatography (GC) with ITMS analysis due to the large molecular weight and lower vapor pressure of their PFBHA oximes. Carbonyl emissions from gasoline powered light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles (HDDVs) operated on chassis dynamometers were measured using an annular denuder-quartz filter-polyurethane foam sampler, allowing for collection of both gas- and particle-phase emissions, in conjunction with PFBHA derivatization and chemical analysis by GC-ITMS and HPLC-APCI-ITMS. Gas- and particle-phase emissions for 39 aliphatic (C2-C14) and 20 aromatic carbonyls (C---C13) ranged from 0.1 to 2000 [mu]g L−1 fuel consumed for LDVs and 1.8 to 27000 [mu]g L−1 fuel consumed for HDDVs. Carbonyls accounted for 19% of particulate organic carbon (POC) emissions from low-emission LDVs and 37% of POC emissions from three-way catalyst equipped LDVs, but only 3.3 to 3.9% for HDDVs. These measurements identify carbonyls as one of the largest classes of compounds in particulate matter emissions from LDVs operated on chassis dynamometers to date. Nine quinones were observed from C6 to C16. This research is the first to measure gas-phase quinone emissions from motor vehicles combustion, with emissions ranging from 2 to 28,000 [mu]g L−1 fuel consumed. Eight particle-phase quinones were observed between 2 to 1600 mug L -1. Select quinones were furthered examined to assess their photolytic stability in solution, a surrogate for particle-phase behavior. Calculated quinone atmospheric lifetimes, based on aqueous photolysis, ranged from 1.7 to 28 minutes under midday, summer solstice, clear sky conditions at Davis, CA (38.6 °N). These results indicate that motor vehicle emissions of carbonyls, especially quinones given their observed toxicological implications, must be properly considered for accurate public health risk assessments.
Engineers, applied scientists, students, and individuals working to reduceemissions and advance diesel engine technology will find the secondedition of Diesel Emissions and Their Control to be an indispensablereference. Whether readers are at the outset of their learning journey orseeking to deepen their expertise, this comprehensive reference bookcaters to a wide audience.In this substantial update to the 2006 classic, the authors have expandedthe coverage of the latest emission technologies. With the industryevolving rapidly, the book ensures that readers are well-informed aboutthe most recent advances in commercial diesel engines, providing acompetitive edge in their respective fields. The second edition has alsostreamlined the content to focus on the most promising technologies.This book is rooted in the wealth of information available on DieselNet.com, where the “Technology Guide” papers offer in-depth insights. Eachchapter includes links to relevant online materials, granting readers accessto even more expertise and knowledge.The second edition is organized into six parts, providing a structuredjourney through every aspect of diesel engines and emissions control: Part I: A foundational exploration of the diesel engine, combustion, andessential subsystems. Part II: An in-depth look at emission characterization, health andenvironmental impacts, testing methods, and global regulations. Part III: A comprehensive overview of diesel fuels, covering petroleumdiesel, alternative fuels, and engine lubricants. Part IV: An exploration of engine efficiency and emission controltechnologies, from exhaust gas recirculation to engine control. Part V: The latest developments in diesel exhaust aftertreatment,encompassing catalyst technologies and particulate filters. Part VI: A historical journey through the evolution of dieselengine technology, with a focus on heavy-duty engines in the NorthAmerican market. (ISBN 9781468605693, ISBN 9781468605709, ISBN 9781468605716, DOI: 10.4271/9781468605709)
First draft prepared by Dr. J. Kielhorn and Dr. I. Mangelsdorf, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hanover, Germany ; and Dr. K. Ziegler-Skylakakis, MAK Commission (Commission for the investigation of health hazards of chemical compunds in the work area), Munich, Germany.
Over the last several years, there has been much discussion on the interrelation of CO2 emissions with the global warming phenomenon. This in turn has increased pressure to develop and produce more fuel efficient engines and vehicles. This is the central topic of this book. It covers the underlying processes which cause pollutant emissions and the possibilities of reducing them, as well as the fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel engines, including direct injection diesel engines. As well as the engine-related causes of pollution, which is found in the raw exhaust, there is also a description of systems and methods for exhaust post treatment. The significant influence of fuels and lubricants (both conventional and alternative fuels) on emission behavior is also covered. In addition to the conventional gasoline and diesel engines, lean-burn and direct injection gasoline engines and two-stroke gasoline and diesel engines are included. The potential for reducing fuel consumption and pollution is described as well as the related reduction of CO2 emissions. Finally, a detailed summary of the most important laws and regulations pertaining to pollutant emissions and consumption limits is presented. This book is intended for practising engineers involved in research and applied sciences as well as for interested engineering students.