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Carbon monoxide adsorbed on a smooth platinum electrode was investigated in the potential range including the double layer region and the region of its steady state oxidation in solutions of 1M HClO4, H2SO4 or HCl using in situ polarization modulated Fourier transform - IR reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS). The intensity, position and linewidth of the IR absorption band of the linearly adsorbed CO species were measured as a function of potential. The evolution of carbon dioxide produced by the oxidation of the adsorbed CO was observed in situ by monitoring the IR absorption spectrum of the carbon dioxide. Oxidation of the adsorbed CO is completed before the formation of a surface oxide or an adsorbed oxygen layer. It was found that the linear increase of the CO stretching frequency continued even into the CO oxidation potential region where the coverage of CO decreases appreciably. It is concluded that oxidation proceeds mostly at the edges of CO islands where the water molecules are adsorbed adjacent to the CO sites. The band due to CO adsorbed in the bridged form was observed in 1M HClO4 by electrochemically modulated IR reflection spectroscopy (EMIRS) and it was concluded from its potential dependence that the bridged CO oscillator strength decreased at more positive potentials.
The carbon monoxide layer on a platinum electrode, which is adsorbed at 0.05 V relative to a normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) in 0.5l5 M sulfuric acid, and its oxidation to carbon dioxide at higher electrode potentials has been studied by both electrochemical and in-situ Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS). Polarization modulated FT-IRRAS was used to measured the vibrational spectra of adsorbed carbon monoxide as well as the evolved CO2 as a function of electrode potential. It is shown that the dominant surface species is linearly adsorbed CO, but that the bridge bonded species is oxidized first at about 0.20 V, giving rise to a decrease in the linear C-O stretching frequency of along with a broadening of the band. Oxidation of the linearly adsorbed CO begins at 0.35 V, producing a further, sharp decrease in the C-O stretching frequency as well as a considerable broadening of the band. It is concluded that the oxidation of the CO adlayer produced at 0.05 V occurs randomly throughout the adlayer, in contrast to oxidation at island edges, which is characteristic of CO adsorbed at 0.4 V. It is proposed that the difference in behavior of these two kinds of adsorbed CO is due to crystallographic modification of the platinum surface surface when the CO is adsorbed at 0.05 V in the hydrogen region which results in a higher density of bridge bonded CO.
The book provides the reader with a profound knowledge of basic principles, properties and preferred applications of diverse kinds of CO2 measurement. It shows the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of several methods and gives a comprehensive overview of both possible applications and corresponding boundary conditions. Applications reach from environmental monitoring to safety control to biotechnology and food control and finally to medicine.
Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry, Seven Volume Set summarizes current, fundamental knowledge of interfacial chemistry, bringing readers the latest developments in the field. As the chemical and physical properties and processes at solid and liquid interfaces are the scientific basis of so many technologies which enhance our lives and create new opportunities, its important to highlight how these technologies enable the design and optimization of functional materials for heterogeneous and electro-catalysts in food production, pollution control, energy conversion and storage, medical applications requiring biocompatibility, drug delivery, and more. This book provides an interdisciplinary view that lies at the intersection of these fields. Presents fundamental knowledge of interfacial chemistry, surface science and electrochemistry and provides cutting-edge research from academics and practitioners across various fields and global regions
Environmental protection and sustainability are major concerns in today’s world, and a reduction in CO2 emission and the implementation of clean energy are inevitable challenges for scientists and engineers today. The development of electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells, Li-ion batteries, and artificial photosynthesis, is vital for solving environmental problems. A practical device requires designing of materials and operational systems; however, a multidisciplinary subject covering microscopic physics and chemistry as well as macroscopic device properties is absent. In this situation, multiscale simulations play an important role. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research and development of atomistic, nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale computational modeling for various electrochemical devices, including hydrogen storage, Li-ion batteries, fuel cells, and artificial photocatalysis. The authors have been involved in the development of energy materials and devices for many years. In each chapter, after reviewing the calculation methods commonly used in the field, the authors focus on a specific computational approach that is applied to a realistic problem crucial for device improvement. They introduce the simulation technique not only as an analysis tool to explain experimental results but also as a design tool in the scale of interest. At the end of each chapter, a future perspective is added as a guide for the extension of research. Therefore, this book is suitable as a textbook or a reference on multiscale simulations and will appeal to anyone interested in learning practical simulations and applying them to problems in the development of frontier and futuristic electrochemical devices.
The polarization modulated Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) is applied to the studies of adsorption and oxidation of Carbon monoxide (CO) on a platinum electrode in 0.5M sulfuric acid and of adsorption of cyanide on gold and silver electrodes in 0.5M sulfuric potassium sulfate. The absorption intensity of the CO on platinum electrode is ca. 4-5% while that of the CN( - ) on silver and gold is 0.2-0.5%. The potential dependence of the vibrational spectra was observed for both systems. Oxidation of the linearly adsorbed CO layer proceeds by different mechanisms depending on whether CO was adsorbed at a potential in the double layer region or in the hydrogen region, i.e., at the edges of the CO islands in the former case and randomly in the latter case, in which the bridged CO species plays and important role. The vibrational frequency of the linearly adsorbed CO changes linearly with potential at a rate of 30 cm-1/volt, which is independent of anion specific adsorption. The origin of the shift is most reasonably explained by the first order Stark effect. For Ag, Au/CN( - ) systems, the surface cyanide species is the linearly adsorbed CN( - ). The anodic reaction products in the solution from cyanide ions and the electrode are also observed in the vibrational spectra. The bands due to surface species and those due to solution species are distinguished by measuring the spectra with s and p-polarized lights.