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Carbon Based Magnetism is the most complete, detailed, and accurate guide on the magnetism of carbon, the main element of living creatures. Written by the leading experts in the field, the book provides a comprehensive review of relevant experimental data and theoretical concepts related to the magnetism of metal-free carbon systems. These systems include carbon based compounds, namely organic radical magnetic systems, and magnetic materials based on carbon structures. The aim is to advance the understanding of the fundamental properties of carbon. This volume discusses all major modern hypotheses on the physical nature of magnetic ordering in carbon systems. The first chapters deal with magnetic ordering mechanisms in p-electron systems as well as molecular magnets with spins residing only in p-orbitals. The following chapters explore the magnetic properties of pure carbon, with particular emphasis on nanosized carbon systems with closed boundary (fullerenes and nanotubes) and with open boundary (structures with edge-localized magnetic states). The remaining chapters focus on newer topics: experimental observation and theoretical models for magnetic ordering above room temperature in pure carbon. The book also includes twenty three review articles that summarize the most significant recent and ongoing exciting scientific developments and provide the explanation. It also highlights some problems that have yet to be solved and points out new avenues for research. This book will appeal to physicists, chemists and biologists. The most complete, detailed, and accurate Guide in the magnetism of carbon Dynamically written by the leading experts Deals with recent scientific highlights Gathers together chemists and physicists, theoreticians and experimentalists Unified treatment rather than a series of individually authored papers Description of genuine organic molecular ferromagnets Unique description of new carbon materials with Curie temperatures well above ambient.
This dissertation concentrates on the characteristics of graphene, a single layer of graphite, defined as two-dimensional material for carbon based magnetism and electronics. Carbon materials, which are demonstrated by diamond and graphite, have always been of great interest for their unique properties. Moreover, in the last two decades, there have been three revolutionary milestones in the development of carbon materials, which were related to the discovery of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, respectively. Such research evolution led to the realization of the feasibility to tailor magnetic and electronic properties of graphitic sheets. Magnetism of carbon materials is of particular interest because of its new and relatively unexplored origins. The technological potential of the new materials is enormous as they promise to become the first room-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductors--the Holy Grail of the world of electronics. Not to mention that the existence of the new materials is vital for the emerging field of spintronics. Researchers believe that new carbon-based magnetic materials could greatly extend the limits of current technologies relying on magnetic and semiconducting properties. In this work, the magnetic properties of pristine graphene and chemically modified graphene were mainly investigated. The chemical functionalization with nitrophenyl (NP) groups was performed by covalent attachment of aryl groups to the basal plane of carbon atoms. The functionalized samples were found to be in a mix of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states with spins aligned in the main plane at room temperature. Based on these findings, this work attempted to identify the origins of the intrinsic magnetism and potential ways to tailor magnetism in graphene. Such technology has great potential to pave a way to the next-generation technologies containing high-speed and high-density nonvolatile memory as well as the production of reconfigurable logic devices, integrated magneto-optical devices, quantum information devices, and many others.
REACT Project: VCU is developing a new magnet for use in renewable power generators and EV motors that requires no rare earth minerals. Rare earths are difficult and expensive to process, but they make electric motors and generators smaller, lighter, and more efficient. VCU would replace the rare earth minerals in EV motor magnets with a low-cost and abundant carbon-based compound that resembles a fine black powder. This new magnet could demonstrate the same level of performance as the best commercial magnets available today at a significantly lower cost. The ultimate goal of this project is to demonstrate this new magnet in a prototype electric motor.
Magnetism and Spintronics in Carbon and Carbon Nanostructured Materials offers coverage of electronic structure, magnetic properties and their spin injection, and the transport properties of DLC, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and their different composite materials. This book is a valuable resource for those doing research or working with carbon and carbon-related nanostructured materials for electronic and magnetic devices. Carbon-based nanomaterials are promising for spintronic applications because their weak spin-orbit (SO) coupling and hyperfine interaction in carbon atoms entail exceptionally long spin diffusion lengths (~100μm) in carbon nanotubes and graphene. The exceptional electronic and transport features of carbon nanomaterials could be exploited to build multifunctional spintronic devices. However, a large spin diffusion length comes at the price of small SO coupling, which limits the possibility of manipulating electrons via an external applied field. Assesses the relative utility of a variety of carbon-based nanomaterials for spintronics applications Analyzes the specific properties that make carbon and carbon nanostructured materials optimal for spintronics and magnetic applications Discusses the major challenges to using carbon nanostructured materials as magnetic agents on a mass scale
Magnetic oxides have highly interesting applications in the fields of permanent magnets, microwave devices, magnetic refrigeration, sensors, catalysis, and the health sector. This book focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of various perovskites, garnets, manganites, carbon-based metal oxide nanocomposites, nanoferrites, and graphene-metal oxide nanocomposites. Keywords: Magnetic Oxides, Permanent Magnets, Microwave Devices, Magnetic Refrigeration, Sensors, Catalysis, Perovskites, Nanoferrites, Manganites, Rare Earth Iron Garnet, Graphene-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites, Carbon Nanomaterials, Mesoporous Materials, Nanocatalysts, Multifunctional Ferrites, Magnetocaloric Effect, Biosynthesis, Photo Catalysis, Antibacterial Activity, High Density Recording Media.
A comprehensive survey of carbon nanostructure magnetism, emphasizing both the fundamental nature of the field and its groundbreaking nanotechnological applications.
This book presents the latest research in ultrathin carbon-based protective overcoats for high areal density magnetic data storage systems, with a particular focus on hard disk drives (HDDs) and tape drives. These findings shed new light on how the microstructure and interfacial chemistry of these sub-20 nm overcoats can be engineered at the nanoscale regime to obtain enhanced properties for wear, thermal and corrosion protection – which are critical for such applications. Readers will also be provided with fresh experimental insights into the suitability of graphene as an atomically-thin overcoat for HDD media. The easy readability of this book will appeal to a wide audience, ranging from non-specialists with a general interest in the field to scientists and industry professionals directly involved in thin film and coatings research.
Spin Ladders and Spin Chains.- Probing Magnetic Phases in Different Systems.- Spin Glasses; From the Roots to the Present.- Magnetism in Nanostructures.- Surface and Interface Magnetism on the Atomic Scale.- Spectroscopy of Quantum Antiferromagnets.- Modern Methods for Investigating Magnetism.- Low Dimensionalmagnetism in Transition Metal Oxyborates.- Finite Temperature Half-metallic Ferromagnets.- Charge Order in Doped and Self-doped Oxides: Present Pictures.- Magnetic Tunnel Junctions Based on Half Metallic Oxides.- SrCu2 (BO3)2- a 2D Spin Gap Material.- Magnetism in Quantum Spin Systems.- Chemistry Aspects of Double Perovskites.- Magnetism in Carbon based Materials.- Microstructure Studies of Manganites by Lorentz-TEM Technique.- Local-Moment Systems: Ferromagnetism and Electronic Correlations.- Magnetism of Heavy Electron Materials.- Commenturate and Incommensurate Magnetism in Layered Antiferromagnets.- Single Crystals of Manganites and Related Materials.- Collossal Magnetoresistance and the Physics of Thin Maganite.- Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors.- Layed Co Oxides as a Thermoelectric Material.- New Magnetic Systems Exhibiting Superconductivity
Carbon nanotubes are unique nano-objects with highly anisotropic electrical, magnetic and optical properties. In the past years the physics of carbon nanotubes made important steps toward the comprehension of its various complex physical properties. The optical response of nanotubes is driven by excitons. Of the sixteen possible exciton states only one decays radiatively. However a magnetic field can brighten one of the dark states. The aim of the first part of this thesis investigates the issue of the brightening of dark excitons. In the second part we use the magnetic properties of single walled carbon nanotubes to investigate their dynamic alignment in a pulsed magnetic field. Semiconducting tubes are diamagnetic both along and perpendicular to their long axis but the magnitude of the perpendicular susceptibility is higher. Metallic tubes are paramagnetic along their long axis and diamagnetic perpendicular to it. This constrains SWNT to align parallel to a magnetic field. Our data will be analysed with the aid of a theoretical model based on rotational diffusion of rigid rods. In the third part we study the magneto-optical properties of epitaxially grown multi-layer graphene. The Landau levels of graphene are different from standard two dimensional electron gases. They show a sqrt{B}dependence due to the relativistic nature of their charge carriers. We measure the system at high fields and high energies to probe the limit of massless Dirac fermions. The discovery of massless relativistic particles in graphene, a mono-layer of graphite, has completely renewed the interest in graphite. As a matter of fact graphite the optical properties of graphite are best described by bi-layer graphene. We show that the magneto-transmission experiments on thin graphite are in very good agreement with an effective bi-layer model. In addition we observe a non-predicted double structure in the graphene-like transitions which is not reported before.
This book describes in a comprehensive manner latest studies conducted by various research groups worldwide focusing on carbon and related nanomaterials. Fourteen chapters of this book deal with a number of key research topics and applications of pure and functionalized carbon nanomaterials and their hybrid nanocomposites. Specifically, the authors have presented interdisciplinary investigations including: (i) carbon nanoparticles and layers synthesis, (ii) analytical aspects of carbon nanomaterials and their characterisation under different conditions as well as (iii) various applications of carbon nanoparticles. They have reported and summarised key applications of carbon particles or nanoobjects in pharmacy, biomedicine, agriculture and food industry, water treatment, physicochemical analysis, optoelectronics, electronic and magnetic materials for supercapacitors or radar adsorbing materials, tribology, chromatography, electrophoresis, bioanalysis, nanobiocatalysis, biofuels production as well as environmental remediation.