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This detailed treatise is written for chemists who are not NMR spectroscopists but who wish to use carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. It shows why measurement of carbon-13 NMR is needed and explains how the method can - or should - be used for rapid characterization of flavonoids, one of the most diverse and widespread groups of natural constituents. The first part of the book presents background information and discussion of the essential aspects of flavonoids and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and demonstrates its significant role in the revision of several earlier established chemical structures. It discusses various one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques and other relevant experimental methodologies for the interpretation of spectral details which enable individual resonance lines to be associated with the appropriate carbons in a molecule. The second part provides a comprehensive coverage of the carbon-13 chemical shifts of various classes and subclasses of flavonoids. It also illustrates how to utilize carbon-13 data to gain information for the determination of the nature, number and site of any substituent in flavonoids. Vital information for the differential and complete structure elucidation of the various classes of flavonoids by carbon-13 NMR shielding data is described in-depth in the third part of the book. The book will be welcomed by all those working in natural product chemistry who will appreciate the non-mathematical approach and the fact that such a wealth of theoretical and practical information has been assembled in a single volume.
The flavonoids, one of the most numerous and widespread groups of natural constituents, are important to man not only because they contribute to plant colour but also because many members (e.g. coumestrol, phloridzin, rotenone) are physiologically active. Nearly two thousand substances have been described and as a group they are universally distributed among vascular plants. Although the anthocyanins have an undisputed function as plant pigments, the raison d'etre for the more widely distributed colourless flavones and flavonols still remains a mystery. It is perhaps the challenge of discovering these yet undisc10sed functions which has caused the considerable resurgence of interest in flavonoids during the last decade. This book attempts to summarize progress that has been made in the study of these constituents since the first comprehensive monograph on the chemistry of the flavonoid compounds was published, under the editorship of T. A. Geissman, in 1962. The present volume is divided into three parts. The first section (Chapters 1-4) deals with advances in chemistry, the main emphasis being on spectral techniques to take into account the re cent successful applications of NMR and mass spectral measurements to structural identifications. Recent developments in isolation techniques and in synthesis are also covered in this section. Advances in chemical knowledge of individual c1asses of flavonoid are mentioned inter aha in later chapters of the book.
About 1958, the late Professor R. E. ALSTON and Professor B. L. TURNER, both of the Department ofBotany, The University ofTexas at Austin, initiated a general systematic investigation ofthe legurne genus Baptisia. They found that flavonoid patterns, as revealed by two-dimensional paper chromatography, were valid criteria for the recognition of the Baptisia species and for the documentation of their numerous natural hybrids. Later, they showed that the flavonoid chemistry could be used for the analysis of gene flow among populations. At that time no attempt was made to even partially identify the flavonoids which were detected chromatographically. Neverthe1ess, it soon became apparent that the full value of the chemical data for systematic purposes required knowledge of the structures of the flavonoids. In 1962, one of us (T.J.M.) in collaboration with Drs. ALSTON and TURNER beg an the chemical analysis of the more than 60 flavonoids which had been chromatographi cally detected in the 16 Baptisia species. In the intervening years, a number of chemists and botanists, inc1uding Drs. K. BAETCKE, B. BREHM, M. CRANMER, D. HORNE, J. KAGAN, B. KROSCHEWSKY, J. MCCLURE, H. RÖSLER, and J. WALLACE, participated in the devel opment of techniques and procedures for the rapid identification of known flavonoids and in the structure determination of new flavonoids. In addition, the flavonoid chem istry of many plants other than Baptisia was investigated.
This is the only book of its kind to provide an overview of the science of flavonoids in plants.
Flavonoids are abundant secondary metabolites found in plants and fungi that have various roles in these organisms, including pigmentation, cell signalling, plant defence and inter-organism communication. Due to their abundance in nature, flavonoids are also important components of the human diet, and the last four decades have seen an intense study focused on the structure characterization of flavonoids and on their roles in mammal metabolism. This book reviews most of the well-established activities of flavonoids, and we also present more recent research studies on the area of flavonoids, including the chemical aspects of structure characterization of flavonoids, the biosynthesis of flavonoids in model plants as well as their role in abiotic stress situations and in agriculture, the role of flavonoids in metabolism and health and their importance in foods, from consumption to their use as bioactive components.
The ftavonoid pigments, one of the most numerous and widespread groups of natural constituents, are ofimportance and interest to a wide variety ofphysical and biological scientists and work on their chemistry, occurrence, natural distribution and biological function continues unabated. In 1975, a mono graph covering their chemistry and biochemistry was published by Chapman and Hall under our editors hip entitled The Flavonoids. The considerable success of this publication indicated that it filled an important place in the scientific literature with its comprehensive coverage of these fascinating and versatile plant substances. The present volume is intended to update that earlier work and provide a detailed review of progress in the ftavonoid field during the years 1975 to 1980. Although cross references are made to The Flavonoids, this supplement is entirely self-contained and where necessary, tabular da ta from the earlier volume are incJuded and expanded here. The choice oftopics in Recent Advances has been dictated by the developments that have occurred in ftavonoid research since 1975, so that not all subjects covered in The Flavonoids are reviewed again here. A major advance in ftavonoid separation has been the app1ication ofhigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and this is reviewed inter alia in the opening chapter on separation techniques. An equally important development in the spectral analysis of ftavonoids has been the measurement of carbon-13 NMR spectra and this subject is authoritatively discussed in Chapter 2 and is also illustrated with the spectra of 125 representative ftavonoids.
Volume 7 of Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives appears under the aegis of a new publisher: the distinguished firm of Springer Verlag New York, Inc. This volume presents three timely reviews on alkaloids: Chapter 1 reviews the homoerythrina and related alkaloids. a group of compounds occurring in seventeen species that are native to countries bordering the western Pacific. Since the last review in 1981, the number of these alkaloids has doubled. Chapter 2 is a comprehensive review of the carbon-13 NMR spectros copy of steroidal alkaloids. Because more than 350 plant species have yielded steroidal alkaloids and these alkaloids exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, including teratogenicity, this catalog of spectral and physical data should prove very useful to workers in this field. Chapter 3 presents a detailed review of proton and carbon-I3 NMR shift assignments and physical constants of norditerpenoid alkaloids. This chap ter is an extensive supplement to the review that appeared in Volume 2 of this series. In addition to the catalog of spectral and physical data, this chapter includes tables of proton and carbon shift assignments, a table of the occurrence of alkaloids in plant species, an index of al1 X-ray crystal structure determinations of norditerpenoid alkaloids, and tables containing molecular formulas versus calculated high-resolution mass values and calculated high-resolution mass values versus molecular formulas of nor diterpenoid alkaloids. Each chapter in this volume has been reviewed by an expert in the field. Indexes for both subjects and organisms are provided.
Flavonoids are a group of natural products isolated from a wide variety of plants, and are responsible for much of the coloring found in vascular plants. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities and are of particular interest as potential anti-cancer agents, as insect antifeedants, and as natural insecticides. The Flavonoids: Advances in Research Since 1986 is a self-contained account of this important group of plant products.
The book presents developments and applications of these methods, such as NMR, mass, and others, including their applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses. The book is divided into two sections. The first section covers spectroscopic methods, their applications, and their significance as characterization tools; the second section is dedicated to the applications of spectrophotometric methods in pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses. This book would be useful for students, scholars, and scientists engaged in synthesis, analyses, and applications of materials/polymers.
Widely distributed throughout plant families, flavonoids give many flowers and fruits their vibrant colors. They also play a role in protecting the plants from microbe and insect attacks. More importantly, the consumption of foods containing flavonoids has been linked to numerous health benefits. Recent research indicates that flavonoids can be nutritionally helpful by triggering enzymes that reduce the risk of certain cancers, heart disease, and age-related degenerative diseases. Foods that contain high amounts of flavonoids include blueberries, red beans, cranberries, and blackberries. Many other foods, including red and yellow fruits and vegetables and some nuts, as well as red wine and certain teas are also rich in flavonoids. Due the potential health benefits, research into flavonoids and their potential beneficial effects on human health continues unabated. Dictionary of Flavonoids with downloadable resources lists all known flavonoids (approximately 13,000) in a single volume. It details chemical structures, physical properties, and biological source, and also includes a concise bibliography. Derived from the well-respected Dictionary of Natural Products, it is presented in a compact dictionary format, and is an invaluable reference source for all those working in this area. The book is accompanied by downloadable resources that are fully searchable by chemical structure as well as by physical properties and chemical names. Organized in alphabetical order, each page is packed with authoritative information that readers can easily access. The book and downloadable resource combination gives researchers powerful tools for unlocking and utilizing the secrets held within the colors of the plant kingdom.