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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between African American women's health beliefs in regard to breast cancer and screening behaviors, knowledge and attitudes that may serve as incentives or barriers to their adherence to routine BSE practices. For the purpose of this research study, reference to African American women encompassed all women whose ancestors were brought from the continent of Africa to the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean, involuntarily. The Health Belief Model (HBM), one of the most widely recognized conceptual frameworks of health behavior, served as the theoretical framework. The Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Instrument Scale (HBMS) was the instrument used in this study. This instrument explores ethnic differences in attitudes toward health practices, health beliefs, risk estimates, and knowledge about breast cancer and breast cancer screenings.
"Breast cancer mortality rates differ among racial/ethnic groups in the United States and currently are about 16% higher in black women than in white women. The reason for this racial/ethnic difference is unknown. Due to the low rate of breast cancer screening practices in this population, an educational program was developed to increase the participants' knowledge about breast cancer, including the need for breast self-examination (BSE) and mammograms. The plan is to increase the awareness of breast cancer in African American women, and access of routine breast screening in collaboration with community-based organizations such as churches, among low-income and uninsured women. This educational program consists of African American women watching a seven minute educational video. The movie is about breast cancer and the importance of early detection, clinical breast examinations by professionals, yearly mammograms, and demonstrates how to perform breast self examination. This educational program will be guided by a systematic process for the change to evidence-based practice. The program will increase the participant's knowledge of breast cancer risks and screening practices among middle-aged African American women. Breast cancer screening offers the greatest potential for reducing deaths in the African American population. Increased knowledge and changing beliefs associated with breast cancer screening are important when attempting to increase mammography and BSE among African American women. Nurses can make a difference in the education and decrease in mortality rate of these women if they recognize how a woman's cultural beliefs and attitudes can adversely affect health promotion and disease prevention behaviors." -- from Introduction.
Breast self-examination (BSE) has been a successful method in the early detection of breast cancer. In this study a descriptive approach was used to determine the relationship between health beliefs and frequency and proficiency of BSE among Arab women living in the United States. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients revealed no relationship between the major constructs of the HBM scale and the frequency and proficiency of the subjects' practice of BSE.