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This groundbreaking book brings to life a forgotten chapter in the history of Canada and Russia – the journey of 4,200 Canadian soldiers from Victoria to Vladivostok in 1918 to help defeat Bolshevism. Combining military and labour history with the social history of BC, Quebec, and Russia, Benjamin Isitt examines how the Siberian Expedition exacerbated tensions within Canadian society at a time when a radicalized working class, many French-Canadians, and even the soldiers themselves objected to a military adventure designed to counter the Russian Revolution. The result is a highly readable and provocative work that challenges public memory of the First World War while illuminating tensions – both in Canada and worldwide – that shaped the course of twentieth-century history.
During World War I, a specialized Russian battalion comprised of ethnic Czechs and Czech and Slovak prisoners of war--the Legion--became a pawn in an international game of power and deceit. The Legion's detour through Siberia became the greatest human interest story of the war, chronicled weekly in the New York Times and New York Herald. More than half of the Legion's troops lost their lives as the evacuation of Czech and Slovak POWs through Vladivostok precipitated the murder of the Russian royal family and forced the Legion to act as protectors of the Russian treasury and the Trans-Siberian Railway while the White and Red armies battled. For political purposes, tales of the Legion's odyssey have been buried or expunged. This volume offers the seminal account of this hidden yet epic journey, shedding light on a fascinating but forgotten facet of World War I.
In Nova Scotia, the focus of study about Scottish settlers, including the Grants, has been on the eastern counties of the province, and on Cape Breton Island. In the United States, when Grants are mentioned, a significant concern seems to be to find a genealogical or DNA link to Ulysses Grant. No one has seriously examined and written about the Grant families of southwestern Nova Scotia. That leaves a space for me to act in, and to develop a narrative history of a family founded in the soil, strengthened by the forest, and challenged by the sea environments that comprise the fundamental essence of Nova Scotia. And so, my passion has been to tell the story of my family and their relatives in southwestern Nova Scotia and to follow the paths of many of them to New England (especially to Massachusetts). This study will fulfill an implicit task left to me by my Aunt Ruth Dexter. That is the essence of why I have spent so much of my retirement on this task. But there is more to come as I follow suggestive clues left by my ancestors, or seek to overcome “brick walls” that stump every genealogist from time to time. When I began this project, my aim was simply: “To collate and present a family history of the line descending from John Grant and Mary Sabean to myself.” If I had stayed within that framework this book would have been much shorter and less interesting. As it turns out, there are many fascinating aspects to our story. Not only will you read about the hard-working and courageous children of John and Mary, but you will follow them and their offspring as they find love and marriage, sometimes with close or distant cousins. • You will ride or sail with them as they migrate within Nova Scotia and outward to New England. • You will wonder at their expressions of faith and sense their hidden, internal conflict as they make religious choices based on factors we can only imagine (spirituality, simplicity, availability, or energetic missionaries), reflected in obituaries, burial sites, or their answers to census questions. • You will share their sorrow at the deaths of loved ones through accident, disease, suicide, loss at sea or in the service of their country in war, particularly in World War I. • You will learn of their varied occupations, trades and professions, from farming, fishing and forestry to shoemaking, carpentry and sailing, nursing and teaching. • You will join them as they strive to become master mariners, volunteer in their churches, train young women with the YWCA in China, or succor the sick and wounded with the Red Cross in Siberia – follow them south to Boston and the Caribbean, east to Europe and across the Pacific to Asia. Only then you will come to understand why, at its core, my passion has been to be the voice of my direct ancestors and extended family within a defined framework of time and place, to record their activities where sources allow, in essence, to be the story they could not write.
The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873)
An account of the little-known involvement of Royal Marines as they engaged the new Bolsheviks immediately after the Russian Revolution. After three years of great loss and suffering on the Eastern Front, Imperial Russia was in crisis and on the verge of revolution. In November 1917, Lenin’s Bolsheviks (later known as “Soviets”) seized power, signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers and brutally murdered Tsar Nicholas (British King George’s first cousin) and his children so there could be no return to the old order. As Russia fractured into loyalist “White” and revolutionary “Red” factions, the British government became increasingly drawn into the escalating Russian Civil War after hundreds of thousands of German troops transferred from the Eastern Front to France were used in the 1918 “Spring Offensive” which threatened Paris. What began with the landing of a small number of Royal Marines at Murmansk in March 1918 to protect Allied-donated war stores quickly escalated with the British government actively pursuing an undeclared war against the Bolsheviks on several fronts in support of British trained and equipped “White Russian” Allies. At the height of British military intervention in mid-1919, British troops were fighting the Soviets far into the Russian interior in the Baltic, North Russia, Siberia, Caspian and Crimea simultaneously. The full range of weapons in the British arsenal were deployed including the most modern aircraft, tanks and even poison gas. British forces were also drawn into peripheral conflicts against “White” Finnish troops in North Russia and the German “Iron Division” in the Baltic. It remains a little-known fact that the last British troops killed by the German Army in the First World War were killed in the Baltic in late 1919, nor that the last Canadian and Australian soldiers to die in the First World War suffered their fate in North Russia in 1919 many months after the Armistice. Despite the award of five Victoria Crosses (including one posthumous) and the loss of hundreds of British and Commonwealth soldiers, sailors and airmen, most of whom remain buried in Russia, the campaign remains virtually unknown in Britain today. After withdrawal of all British forces in mid-1920, the British government attempted to cover up its military involvement in Russia by classifying all official documents. By the time files relating to the campaign were quietly released decades later there was little public interest. Few people in Britain today know that their nation ever fought a war against the Soviet Union. The culmination of more than 15 years of painstaking and exhaustive research with access to many previously classified official documents, unpublished diaries, manuscripts and personal accounts, author Damien Wright has written the first comprehensive campaign history of British and Commonwealth military intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918-20. “Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War remains forgotten. Wright’s book addresses that oversight, interspersing the broader story with personal accounts of participants.” —Military History Magazine
From the Russian revolutions of 1917 to the end of the Civil War in 1920, Woodrow Wilson's administration sought to oppose the Bolsheviks in a variety of covert ways. Drawing on previously unavailable American and Russian archival material, David Foglesong chronicles both sides of this secret war and reveals a new dimension to the first years of the U.S.-Soviet rivalry. Foglesong explores the evolution of Wilson's ambivalent attitudes toward socialism and revolution before 1917 and analyzes the social and cultural origins of American anti-Bolshevism. Constrained by his espousal of the principle of self-determination, by idealistic public sentiment, and by congressional restrictions, Wilson had to rely on secretive methods to affect the course of the Russian Civil War. The administration provided covert financial and military aid to anti-Bolshevik forces, established clandestine spy networks, concealed the purposes of limited military expeditions to northern Russia and Siberia, and delivered ostensibly humanitarian assistance to soldiers fighting to overthrow the Soviet government. In turn, the Soviets developed and secretly funded a propaganda campaign in the United States designed to mobilize public opposition to anti-Bolshevik activity, promote American-Soviet economic ties, and win diplomatic recognition from Washington.