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Luis is very nervous about the first day of school, but finds many ways to be brave. Includes an activity and glossary.
The kidney is innervated with efferent sympathetic nerve fibers reaching the renal vasculature, the tubules, the juxtaglomerular granular cells, and the renal pelvic wall. The renal sensory nerves are mainly found in the renal pelvic wall. Increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity reduce renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion by activation of α1-adrenoceptors and increase renin secretion rate by activation of β1-adrenoceptors. In response to normal physiological stimulation, changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity contribute importantly to homeostatic regulation of sodium and water balance. The renal mechanosensory nerves are activated by stretch of the renal pelvic tissue produced by increases in renal pelvic tissue of a magnitude that may occur during increased urine flow rate. Activation of the sensory nerves elicits an inhibitory renorenal reflex response consisting of decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity leading to natriuresis. Increasing efferent sympathetic nerve activity increases afferent renal nerve activity which, in turn, decreases efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by activation of the renorenal reflexes. Thus, activation of the afferent renal nerves buffers changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the overall goal of maintaining sodium balance. In pathological conditions of sodium retention, impairment of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes contributes to an inappropriately increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the presence of sodium retention. In states of renal disease or injury, there is a shift from inhibitory to excitatory reflexes originating in the kidney. Studies in essential hypertensive patients have shown that renal denervation results in long-term reduction in arterial pressure, suggesting an important role for the efferent and afferent renal nerves in hypertension. Table of Contents: Part I: Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Neural Control of Renal Hemodynamics / Neural Control of Renal Tubular Function / Neural Control of Renin Secretion Rate / Part II: Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Renorenal Reflexes / Mechanisms Involved in the Activation of Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Part III: Pathophysiological States / Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Conclusions / References
Sophie can't wait to share some great news with her friend! But she's so excited that she doesn't notice he has something to tell her too. Find out how Sophie learns about empathy.
Justin is his group leader for a research project in the library! He has a lot of ideas in mind, but he quickly learns that being a good leader means being fair to everyone in his group. Justin must figure out how to make sure everyone can work together. Find out how Justin learns about fairness to help his group complete their project.
Idil has a problem. She loves hanging out with her friends Pete and Ben—but lately, Pete hasn't been very nice to Ben. Pete doesn't let Ben have a turn talking or playing. Can Idil help Pete see that the way he's treating Ben isn't right? Come along as Idil tries to help Pete learn that everyone has value—and deserves to be included and treated with respect.
This book is a comprehensive illustrated surgical guide to operative exposures of the spinal nerves, also known as peripheral nerves. Each chapter is devoted to a particular nerve and describes the origin, anatomic relations, branches, surgical approaches, and clinical significance. The text is concise and easy to read and is complemented by informative color photos from cadaveric dissections and surgical procedures. A separate chapter on technical notes identifies surgical pearls relating to techniques such as nerve suturing and nerve transfers. Importantly, unlike other peripheral nerve atlases, this book is accompanied by videos of different approaches. The book will be especially valuable for residents and fellows in training and candidates for oral board and MOC examinations. It is also designed to provide a quick illustrated review for surgeons unfamiliar with a procedure. Most videos are less than 5 minutes long, and it should take less than 10 minutes to review each approach, including watching the video. Anatomy and Exposures of Spinal Nerves will effectively fill a gap caused by the absence of a peripheral nerve surgeon from many neurosurgery training programs.
When Kevin learns that not everyone has enough to eat, like the full meals he enjoys with his family every night, he organizes a food drive at school.
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Get the BIG PICTURE of Gross Anatomy in the context of healthcare – and zero-in on what you really need to know to ace the course and board exams! Gross Anatomy: The Big Picture is the perfect bridge between review and textbooks. With an emphasis on what you truly need to know versus “what’s nice to know,” it features 450 full-color illustrations that give you a complete, yet concise, overview of essential anatomy. The book’s user-friendly presentation consists of text on the left-hand page and beautiful full-color illustrations on the right-hand page. In this way, you get a “big picture” of anatomy principles, delivered one concept at a time -– making them easier to understand and retain. Striking the perfect balance between illustrations and text, Gross Anatomy: The Big Picture features: High-yield review questions and answers at the end of each chapter Numerous summary tables and figures that encapsulate important information 450 labeled and explained full-color illustrations A final exam featuring 100 Q&As Important clinically-relevant concepts called to your attention by convenient icons Bullets and numbering that break complex concepts down to easy-to-remember points