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Human reason and Divine Revelation are two means by which truth is manifested to man; they cannot contradict one another; as a matter of fact, that which is evident to reason is never found in conflict with Revelation.-from the IntroductionIntended as a textbook for Catholic schools and seminaries, this compact guide to modern philosophy explored from a Catholic perspective covers: .Syllogisms.Method in reasoning.Truth and falsity.Means of attaining certainty.Common sense.The nature of being.The origin of the world.The nature of the human soul.The physical and metaphysical essence of GodThis little book became one of the foundations of modern Catholic philosophy when it was first published in 1891, and it continues to hold dramatic sway over contemporary Christians, its pronouncements on morality fueling the arguments of religious activists in the moral debates dividing our society today.American Jesuit scholar CHARLES COPPENS is also the author of A Brief Text-book of Moral Philosophy (1896) and Moral Principles and Medical Practice (1897).
Over the past decade, the question of whether there is a mental logic has become subject to considerable debate. There have been attacks by critics who believe that all reasoning uses mental models and return attacks on mental-models theory. This controversy has invaded various journals and has created issues between mental logic and the biases-and-heuristics approach to reasoning, and the content-dependent theorists. However, despite its pertinence to current issues in cognition, few cognitive scientists really know what the mental-logic theory is, and misapprehensions are prevalent. This volume is a comprehensive presentation of the theory of mental logic and its implications for cognition and development, including the acquisition of language. The theory offered here has three parts. Part I is the mental logic per se that contains a set of inference schemas. Part II is a reasoning program that applies the schemas in lines of reasoning, including a direct-reasoning routine and more sophisticated indirect-reasoning strategies. Part III of the theory is pragmatic, proposing that the basic meaning of each logic particle is in the inferences that are sanctioned by its inference schemas.
We are bombarded with information - press releases, television news, Internet websites, and office memos, just to name a few - on a daily basis. However, the important conclusions that may or need to be inferred from such information are typically not provided. We must draw the conclusions by ourselves. How do we draw these conclusions? This book addresses how we reason to reach sensible conclusions. The purpose of this book is to organize in one volume what is known about reasoning, such as its structural prerequisites, its mechanisms, its susceptibility to pragmatic influences, its pitfalls, and the bases for its development. Given that reasoning underlies so many of our intellectual activities - when we learn, criticize, analyze, judge, infer, evaluate, optimize, apply, discover, imagine, devise, and create - we stand to gain a great deal if we can learn to define, operate, apply, and nurture our reasoning.