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Breast cancer screening programs offer the greatest promise for early detection but rates of participation in free screening programs have been disappointing for challenged populations. The purpose of the current study is to elaborate the beliefs and culturally embedded meanings that a population of low income, uninsured African American women hold toward breast cancer and breast cancer screening. During Year 03, Phase 1 activities were completed, including contact attempts to all potentially eligible women in the population data base. All Phase 1 interviews have been transcribed and technically verified. All interviews except 10 have been inductively coded. Formal presentations of study results-to-date have been presented to three professional groups, including the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, Puget Sound Affiliate. Results from the coded interview data offer compelling reasons why NEW educational, outreach and training materials are needed in order to more successfully engage fiscally challenged African American women in breast cancer screening programs.
Key words: African American women and breast cancer screening, breast cancer risk factors, low-income, mortality and morbidity rates, mammogram, breast self-examination, evidence-based practice and breast cancer screening, self-care deficit theory and breast cancer screening.
"Being poor is a health risk (Wells et al., 2019). When we wrote Poverty and Place, Cancer Prevention among Low Income Women of Color (2019), we demonstrated the potent forces of poverty and place and the prevalence of cancer among low-income women of color. That initial volume was the inspiration for this volume, entitled Cancer Navigation: Charting the Pathway Forward for Low Income Women of Color. In Poverty and Place, we had academics and researchers in mind. Our purpose was to examine how and why racial and class disparities have become potent forces in health and longevity rates in the United States. Conducting original research drawn from North City St. Louis, Missouri and the river city of East St. Louis, Illinois, we sought to understand the combination of factors that facilitate or pose a barrier to cancer treatment and adherence, for marginalized low- income women of color"--
"Breast cancer mortality rates differ among racial/ethnic groups in the United States and currently are about 16% higher in black women than in white women. The reason for this racial/ethnic difference is unknown. Due to the low rate of breast cancer screening practices in this population, an educational program was developed to increase the participants' knowledge about breast cancer, including the need for breast self-examination (BSE) and mammograms. The plan is to increase the awareness of breast cancer in African American women, and access of routine breast screening in collaboration with community-based organizations such as churches, among low-income and uninsured women. This educational program consists of African American women watching a seven minute educational video. The movie is about breast cancer and the importance of early detection, clinical breast examinations by professionals, yearly mammograms, and demonstrates how to perform breast self examination. This educational program will be guided by a systematic process for the change to evidence-based practice. The program will increase the participant's knowledge of breast cancer risks and screening practices among middle-aged African American women. Breast cancer screening offers the greatest potential for reducing deaths in the African American population. Increased knowledge and changing beliefs associated with breast cancer screening are important when attempting to increase mammography and BSE among African American women. Nurses can make a difference in the education and decrease in mortality rate of these women if they recognize how a woman's cultural beliefs and attitudes can adversely affect health promotion and disease prevention behaviors." -- from Introduction.
In this special issue, top researchers from a diversity of disciplines provide an overview of and insights into the major social, cultural, and structural variables that play a role in Black women's poor health, and differential morbidity and mortality. The articles focus on the major threats to Black women's health such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, violence, and AIDS, and utilize a wide range of qualitative and quantitative methods from medicine, psychology, sociology, and feminist analysis. Among the articles are: * An examination of the role of Black women's cultural and ethnomedical beliefs in their use of cancer screening by Laurie Hoffman-Goetz and Sherry Mills of the National Cancer Institute; * An empirical analysis of Black women's utilization of health services entailing more than 18,000 women by Lonnie Snowden and his colleagues at the University of California-Berkeley Center for Mental Health Services Research; * A comprehensive review and empirical analysis of the role of violence in Black women's health by Nancy Felipe Russo (Arizona State University), Mary Koss (University of Arizona), and Gwen Keita (APA Office on Women); * An empirical investigation of the role of social and contextual variables in HIV risk among low-income Black women by Kathleen Sikkema, Timothy Heckman, and Jeffrey Kelly of the Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin. Other articles include comprehensive and critical analyses and reviews of diabetes, breast cancer risk perceptions, and obesity among Black women, as well as analyses of Black women's exclusion from research in medicine, women's health, health psychology, and behavioral medicine. The first issue of any psychology journal to be devoted to the health of Black women, this special issue is a step in the direction of redressing the long-overdue neglect of Black women's health. It provides a cogent overview of the state of Black women's health, numerous empirical investigations, and clear suggestions for future research.