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This paper examines the events of 1984 in Irian Jaya against the historical and political background to the movement for independence from Indonesia. It also suggests how Australia should respond to the situation. The authors explain the reasons for the movement of 11,000 Irianese across the border into Papua New Guinea and the policies of the Indonesian and PNG Governments. According to the authors, the conflicts which began in February 1984 between the Free Papua Movement (OPM) and Indonesian troops are related to earlier conflicts occurring since 1963 when control of Irian Jaya passed from the Netherlands to Indonesia. Because of the fighting and other grievances against the Indonesian Government, Irianese crossed the border into PNG where they are regarded as illegal entrants, not refugees. In the opinion of the authors, both governments wish to see these people repatriated, but differ as to the conditions under which the repatriation should take place. Continuation of the problem is leading to instability which is not in the interests of Australia. Australia should exert diplomatic pressure so that a durable solution can be found. For most of the people, repatriation is the only solution. However the authors conclude that repatriation should be voluntary and dependent on an improvement in the conditions that led to their flight and an easing in the impact of Indonesian administration on the Irian culture.
The West Papuan claim to the right of self-determination was denied by a series of political acts by the United States, the Netherlands, Indonesia and the United Nations, in the 1960s. The result was the spasmodic flight of thousands of refugees over the next two decades. Today, the task of containment of West Papuan discontent continues. In a thesis divided into four distinct sections, Dr. Alan Smith presents enlightening insight into the 1984-85 refugee crisis; details Papua New Guinea’s responses to the crisis; focuses on the underlying causes of the refugee influx and the limited prospects for achieving a solution; and argues that solutions to problems stemming from the crisis require the development of an authoritative international procedure for treating frustrated self-determination claims. Finally, Dr. Smith shares his views on the UN’s involvement with the claims of indigenous peoples for self-determination and how it represents a unique opportunity for achievement. Crossing the Border is a thesis that utilizes thorough research to examine both the West Papuans’ self-determination rights as well as their rights as refugees.
Papuan nationalism is young, evolving, and flexible. It has adapted to and reflected the political circumstances in which it has emerged. Its evolution as a political force is one of the crucial factors in any analysis of political and cultural change in Papua, and the development of relations between the Indonesian government and Papuan society. This study examines the development of Papuan nationalism from the Pacific War through the movement?s revival after the fall of President Suharto in 1998. The author argues that the first step in understanding Papuan nationalism is understanding Papuan history and historical consciousness. The history that so preoccupies Papuan nationalists is the history of the decolonization of the Netherlands Indies, the struggle between Indonesia and the Netherlands over the sovereignty of Papua, and Papua?s subsequent integration into Indonesia. Papuan nationalism is also about ethnicity. Many Papuan nationalists make strong distinctions between Papuans and other peoples, especially Indonesians. However, Papuan society itself is a mosaic of over three hundred small, local, and often isolated ethno-linguistic groups. Yet over the years a pan-Papuan identity has been forged from this mosaic of tribal groups. This study explores the nationalists? argument about history and the sources of their sense of common ethnicity. It also explores the possibility that the Special Autonomy Law of 2001, if implemented fully, might provide a framework in which Papuan national aspirations might be realized.This is the fourteenth publication in Policy Studies, a peer-reviewed East-West Center Washington series that presents scholarly analysis of key contemporary domestic and international political, economic, and strategic issues affecting Asia in a policy relevant manner.
This volume is about border landscapes, with emphasis on the varying impact that political decision-making and ideological differences can have on the environment at border locations, for example. This volume by political-geography experts from across the globe provides important insights specficially into border landscapes and so serves to further our understanding of aspects of cultural landscapes.