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This comprehensive study of judicial reform contains recommendations from numerous leading scholars who advocate major changes in the federal court system. Some of the proposals entail establishing the right to reverse Supreme Court rulings by Congress, giving Congress veto power over federal rule-making agencies and granting tax credits to lawyers who voluntarily provide free legal services to the poor.
Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
"The Standards on State Judicial Selection were approved by the American Bar Association House of Delegates in July 2000"--Prelim. p.
This book analyzes the politics of judicial selection in seven states from an interest group perspective. It is unique in that it offers a multi-state comparative study in a previously neglected field of political science. Champagne and Haydel and the contributors are scholars interested in state judicial reform and have tried to develop findings on single states into a book which allows the reader to examine developments and patterns of reform movements in several states. Rather than viewing judicial selection as a 'good government' issue, the book explores who gets what and how from selection politics. Contents: Introduction, Anthony Champagne and Judith Haydel; Judicial Reform in North Carolina, James Drennan; Judicial Reform in Ohio, John Felice, John Kilwein and Eliot Slotnick; Judicial Reform in Louisiana, Judith Haydel and Tom Ferrell; Judicial Reform in Texas, Anthony Champagne; Judicial Reform in Pennsylvania, Voorhees Dunn; Judicial Reform in California, John Culver and John Wold; Judicial Reform in Washington, David Burke; Conclusion, Anthony Champagne and Judith Haydel; Index.
In recent years, judicial elections have changed dramatically. The elections themselves have become increasingly partisan, interest group involvement in judicial races has escalated, recent court decisions have freed judicial candidates to speak more openly than ever before about their judicial ideologies, and the tenor of judicial campaigns has departed significantly from what were once low-key, sleepy affairs. This book examines the evolution of the new rough-and-tumble politics of judicial elections by focusing on Texas, a bellwether for the new judicial selection politics in America. The Texas experience illustrates what can - and usually will - go wrong when judges are elected, and lays the path for meaningful reforms to stem the tide of the new politics of judicial elections.