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Explores code-ready language containing general design guidance and a simplified design procedure for blast-resistant reinforced concrete bridge columns. The report also examines the results of experimental blast tests and analytical research on reinforced concrete bridge columns designed to investigate the effectiveness of a variety of different design techniques.
A proposed paradigm in engineering of bridges prone to the effects of multiple hazards calls for designing and detailing new bridges, as well as retrofitting existing bridges, so that an integrated structural concept provides protection against all credible hazards. This multi-hazard approach is believed to lead to structural systems that are optimal and offer a more uniform level of safety against various credible relevant hazard scenarios. Toward this objective, research was conducted to develop and experimentally validate two proposed structural concepts capable of achieving the objective of multiple hazard protection for highway bridges, namely Concrete Filled Double Skin Tube (CFDST) and Modified Steel Jacketed Columns (MSJC). CFDST is proposed as seismic and blast resistant column for new bridge multi-column bent. MSJC, on the other hand, is a "retrofit-of-the-retrofit" concept which adds blast protection to the capability of Steel Jacketed Column (SJC) already known to provide seismic resistance. Performance of CFDST is investigated both under cyclic pushover and blast tests whereas MSJC is tested under blast loading only using ℗ơ scale column prototypes. The energy dissipation of CFDST under cyclic loading was found to be excellent. Under credible blast scenario, CFDST deform in bending without significant loss in capacity to carry load. For near-contact explosion, another energy dissipation mechanism is engaged in the form of cross-section deformation. In both credible and near contact blast explosion, MSCJ is found to be able to develop large flexural deformations which are not achievable with non-modified SJC that are usually prone to direct shear failure. Equations are also presented to help designer predict the behavior of CFDST under blast and earthquake loads.^Comparison to the experimental data generated in this research as well to data available in the literature shows that those analytical results are accurate, and in some instances conservative.
The increase of worldwide terrorist attacks on public transportation has heightened our concerns of protecting the nation’s transportation infrastructure. Highway bridges are an attractive target for terrorist attacks due to ease of accessibility and their overall importance to society. The primary objective of this research is to investigate multi-hazard seismic-blast correlations of blast-induced bridge components through numerical simulations of a high-precision finite element model of a typical highway bridge in New York. Seismic-detailing for blast loading on bridges has been investigated to study the correlations between seismic design for blast load effects. High-precision 3D Finite Element models of bridges detailed for blast-resistant applications have been developed by designing the bridges for various seismic zones. In total, 9 cases of simulations for blast-induced bridges have been simulated. From the simulations, four failure mechanisms were observed and have been identified. Results from the simulation suggest that bridges detailed with higher seismic capacities were able to resist more blasted-induced failure mechanisms. The amount and location of transverse reinforcement in bridge columns played a significant role for better blast resistance. Although, there are several failure mechanisms that arise from blast loadings that do not take place in seismic conditions.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, blast load resistance of infrastructure has been of great concern to structural engineers, and government institutions in the United States have provided guidelines to mitigate these risks. The focus of these guidelines has been on buildings, and measures to protect infrastructure such as bridges have not received similar attention. However, data on terrorist attacks show that bridges are often targeted, and the majority of these attacks are on non-landmark bridges, such as highway bridges. With the threat of global terrorism, it is required to understand the behavior of bridges in Canada under blast loads. Specifically, bridge columns are often targeted and they represent a critical structural function as their failure can lead to collapse of the entire bridge. Transverse reinforcement is the key element in design of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns against blast, and it is also the key element in design for seismic loads. A generic two-span bridge located in Toronto, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia; and Victoria, British Columbia, is designed using the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC). The three cities are chosen to represent low, high, and extremely high seismic hazard levels, respectively. The bridge columns are designed according to the required seismic detailing of the different hazard levels with a focus on spacing, bar size, and type of transverse reinforcement. The finite element software LS-DYNA is used to model the bridge columns and simulate the application of blast loads at different charge heights for various charge weights and standoff distances. Analysis of the simulation results concentrates on the performance of columns with respect to concrete failure mechanisms, behavior and stress patterns of steel reinforcement, and displacement curves. The results of this study indicate that for equivalent blast loads, a charge closer to the base of the column is more critical than a charge at mid-height. Moreover, charge weight has more of an impact than standoff distance in a columns ability to resist blast. The results also indicate that seismic detailing is extremely important in blast load resistance of columns. Specifically, columns with smaller spacing of transverse reinforcement, as well as bigger bar size, demonstrate an ability to successfully resist blast and allow a column to carry the required structural loads. Moreover, columns with spiral transverse reinforcement perform better than columns with tied transverse reinforcement.
Up-to-date coverage of bridge design and analysis revised to reflect the fifth edition of the AASHTO LRFD specifications Design of Highway Bridges, Third Edition offers detailed coverage of engineering basics for the design of short- and medium-span bridges. Revised to conform with the latest fifth edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, it is an excellent engineering resource for both professionals and students. This updated edition has been reorganized throughout, spreading the material into twenty shorter, more focused chapters that make information even easier to find and navigate. It also features: Expanded coverage of computer modeling, calibration of service limit states, rigid method system analysis, and concrete shear Information on key bridge types, selection principles, and aesthetic issues Dozens of worked problems that allow techniques to be applied to real-world problems and design specifications A new color insert of bridge photographs, including examples of historical and aesthetic significance New coverage of the "green" aspects of recycled steel Selected references for further study From gaining a quick familiarity with the AASHTO LRFD specifications to seeking broader guidance on highway bridge design Design of Highway Bridges is the one-stop, ready reference that puts information at your fingertips, while also serving as an excellent study guide and reference for the U.S. Professional Engineering Examination.
It is found that prototype bridge CFST columns can be designed to provide both satisfactory seismic performance and adequate blast resistance. It is also shown that, in two series of tests at 1/4 scale, the CFST columns exhibited ductile behavior while the RC and steel jacketed columns failed at their base in shear. Based on the experimental and analytical observations, simplified analytical methods for the design of bridge columns under explosive loads were proposed.
This text examines the interaction between blast pressure and surface or underground structures, whether the blast is from civilian, military, dust and natural explosions, or any other source.
This work offers guidance on bridge design for extreme events induced by human beings. This document provides the designer with information on the response of concrete bridge columns subjected to blast loads as well as blast-resistant design and detailing guidelines and analytical models of blast load distribution. The content of this guideline should be considered in situations where resisting blast loads is deemed warranted by the owner or designer.