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From the moment of conception until death rhythm is as much part of our structure as our bones and flesh. Most of us are dimly aware that we fluctuate in energy, mood, well-being, and performance each day, and that there are longer, more subtle behavioral alterations each week, each month, season, and year. Through studies of biological rhythms, many aspects of human variability - in symptoms of illness, in response to medical treatment, in learning, and job performance - are being illuminated. Already some of our changes of mood and of vulnerabilities to stress and illness, our peaks of strength and productivity, can be anticipated. Moreover, by the end of this decade, much that is still considered unpredictable in health and human performance may become foreseeable through research into the nature of biological time cycles. As a result, timing promises to become an important factor in preventive health programs and medicine. For example, since the effects of drugs depend in part upon the time of administration, timing may be used as a critical aspect of treatment. Evidence now suggests, too, that X-ray treatments, surgery, and even psychotherapy are influenced in their outcome by timing. Research on biological rhythms also promises to have an impact on problems of work performance - including accidents and absenteeism; a new concept of scheduling as part of health may one day influence the determination of work-shifts among transportation and communication personnel, and members of various professions. No corner of medicine - from the laboratory testing of new drugs and procedures to clinical and public health programs - is likely to remain untouched by the new explorations into biological rhythms. These studies are being made by scientists working with support from the National Institute of Mental Health, who have now joined forces with members of various disciplines ranging from biology to entomology and mathematics. The results of their work are provided in this comprehensive report. Contained here is compelling evidence that man is constructed not only of matter, but that he is temporally organized - and that this organization carries with it significant implications for man's mental and physical health. The National Institute of Mental Health has been fortunate to support some of the very few researchers who could lead the way in this new field, thus taking an initiative in an area that is still not widely acknowledged. It is hoped that this report - part of a continuing effort to analyze and evaluate the Institute's programs - will draw the attention of both scientists and laymen to an exciting and promising area of scientific activity. Bertram S. Brown, M.D. Director National Institute of Mental Health
Dr. Phyllis Zee has put together an expert panel of authors on the topic of the Science of Circadian Rhythms. Articles include: Neurobiology of Circadian Rhythm Regulation, Effect of Light and Melatonin and other Melatonin Receptor Agonists on Human Circadian Physiology, Consequences of Circadian Disruption on Cardiometabolic Health, Consequences Circadian Disruption on Neurologic and Psychiatric Health, Aging and Circadian Rhythms, Circadian and Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep and Performance, Circadian disruption in Psychiatric Disorders, and more!
During the past decade many review papers and books have been devoted to descriptions and analyses of biological rhythms (chronobiology) in plants and animals. These contributed greatly to demonstrating the impor tance of bioperiodicities in living beings in general. However, the practi cal aspects of chronobiology with regard to human health and improving the treatment of disease have not yet been a major focus of publication. One of our aims is to establish the relevance of biological rhythms to the practice of medicine. Another is to organize and convey in a simple fashion information pertinent to health- and life-science professionals so that students, researchers, and practitioners can achieve a clear and pre cise understanding of chronobiology. We have limited scientific jargon to unavoidable basic and well-defined terms and we have emphasized illus trative examples of facts and concepts rather than theories or hypotheti cal mechanisms. This volume is divided into seven chapters, each of which is compre hensive in its treatment and includes an extensive bibliography. The book is organized to serve as a textbook and/or reference handbook of modem applied chronobiology. Chapter 1 describes the historical development of chronobiology and reviews why, when, and how major concepts were introduced, accepted, and transformed.
Management of Sleep Disorders in Psychiatry provides the most comprehensive and evidence-based review of the clinical management of DSM-V based sleep-wake disorders in patients with psychiatric disorders. This book is organized into three sections that focus on the basics of sleep medicine, clinical features and treatment of DSM-V sleep-wake disorders, and evidence-based management of sleep disorders commonly associated with a range of DSM-V based psychiatric disorders. The first section orients the reader to topics such as sleep physiology, neural mechanisms of wakefulness and sleep, circadian rhythms, effects of sleep on cognition, history taking in sleep medicine, and clinical application of technical procedures used in the field of sleep medicine. The second section adopts a unique perspective of using DSM-V classification of sleep-wake disorders to integrate the management of sleep disorders with mainstream clinical psychiatry. This section features a comprehensive chapter on pediatric sleep-wake disorders, a topic of interest to fellows and practicing clinicians specializing in child and adolescent psychiatry. The third section offers the most comprehensive review of comorbidity, shared pathophysiology, and clinical management of sleep disorders within the context of a wide range of DSM-V based psychiatric disorders. This section also highlights important topics such as delirium, neurocognitive disorders, effects of psychotropic medications on sleep, neurological disorders, pain disorders, forensic sleep medicine, and eating disorders. This clinically-oriented resource provides case vignettes and clinical pearls to illustrate the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in the setting of a variety of psychiatric presentations. Additionally, each chapter includes a self-assessment section with multiple-choice questions that helps the reader solidify their clinical skills and prepare for the board and certification examinations for topics pertinent to sleep-wake disorders in psychiatry.