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Biological Regulation of the Chondrocytes provides a comprehensive examination of the various regulations in which cartilaginous cells are involved. The book's introductory chapter provides an overview of the different types of chondrocyte, while following chapters discuss the various biological regulations implicated in chondrocyte functions, especially the modulation of differentiative properties. Chapters 2 and 3 examine the extracellular matrix components, and Chapter 4 discusses the special case of cultured chondrocytes and the usefulness of in vitro approaches. The following three chapters focus on the complex role of cartilaginous growth factors and cytokines (FGF, TGFB, IGF, and IL1) on the modulation of the chondrocyte properties. Chapter 9 discusses the synoviocyte, and the last four chapters examine the biochemical and molecular perturbations that appear during repair, aging, rheumatic disease, and cancer. Biological Regulation of the Chondrocytes will benefit rheumatologists, pharmaceutical researchers, physiologists, connective tissue specialists, and students and other researchers in the osteoarticular field.
Articular cartilage is an avascular and flexible connective tissue found in joints. It produces a cushioning effect at the joints and provides low friction to protect the ends of the bones from wear and tear/damage. It has poor repair capacity and any injury can result in pain and loss of mobility. One of the common forms of articular cartilage disease which has a huge impact on patient's life is arthritis. Research on cartilage cell/tissue engineering will help patients to improve their physical activity by replacing or treating the diseased/damaged cartilage tissue. Cartilage cell, called chondrocyte is embedded in the matrix (Lacunae) and has round shape in vivo. The in vitro monolayer culture of primary chondrocyte causes morphological change characterized as dedifferentiation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-[beta]), a cytokine superfamily, regulates cell function, including differentiation and proliferation. The effect of TGF-[beta]1, 2, 3, and their manipulated forms in biological regulation of primary chondrocyte was investigated in this work. A novel method was developed to isolate and purify the primary chondrocytes from knee joint of neonate Sprague-Dawley rat, and the effect of some supplementations such as hyaluronic acid and antibiotics were also investigated to provide the most appropriate condition for in vitro culture of chondrocyte cells. Addition of 0.1mg/ml hyaluronic acid in chondrocyte culture media resulted an increase in primary chondrocyte proliferation and helped the cells to maintain chondrocytic morphology. TGF-[beta]1, 2 and 3 caused chondrocytes to obtain fibroblastic phenotype, alongside an increase in apoptosis. The healing process of the wound closure assay of chondrocyte monolayers were slowed down by all three isoforms of TGF-[beta]. All three types of TGF-[beta] negatively affected the strength of chondrocyte adhesion. TGF-[beta]1, 2 and 3 up regulated the expression of collagen type-II, but decreased synthesis of collagen type-I, Chondroitin sulfate glycoprotein, and laminin. They did not show any significant change in production of S-100 protein and fibronectin. TGF-[beta]2, and 3 did not change expression of integrin-[beta]1 (CD29), but TGF-[beta]1 decreased the secretion of this adhesion protein. Manipulated TGF-[beta] showed huge impact on formation of fibroblast like morphology of chondrocytes with chondrocytic phenotype. These isoforms also decreased the expression of laminin, chondroitin sulfate glycoprotein, and collagen type-I, but they increased production of collagen type-II and did not induce synthesis of fibronectin and S-100 protein. In addition, the strength of cell adhesion on solid surface was reduced by manipulated TGF-[beta]. Only manipulated form of TGF-[beta]1 and 2 could increase the proliferation rate. Manipulation of TGF-[beta] did not up regulate the expression of integrin-[beta]1 in planar culture system. The implications of this R & D work are that the manipulation of TGF-[beta] by combination of TGF-[beta]1, 2, and 3 can be utilized in production of superficial zone of cartilage and perichondrium. The collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid could be recruited for the fabrication of a biodegradable scaffold that promotes chondrocyte growth for autologous chondrocyte implantation or for formation of cartilage.
Cartilage cell (Chondrocyte) is embedded in the matrix (Lacunae) and has round shape in vivo. The in vitro monolayer culture of primary chondrocyte causes morphological change characterized as dedifferentiation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a cytokine superfamily, regulates cell function, including differentiation and proliferation. The effect of TGF-β1, 2, 3, and their manipulated forms in biological regulation of primary chondrocyte was investigated in this work. A novel method was developed to isolate and purify the primary chondrocytes from knee joint of neonate Sprague-Dawley rat, and the effect of some supplementations such as hyaluronic acid and antibiotics were also investigated to provide the most appropriate condition for in vitro culture of chondrocyte cells.
Regulation of Matrix Accumulation discusses the development of research and studies on connective tissue. This book emphasizes biochemical characterization of individual connective tissue components and interactions between cells and extracellular macromolecules. Other topics include the intracellular turnover of collagen; biological regulation of collagenase activity; feedback regulation of collagen synthesis; steroid hormone regulation of extracellular matrix proteins; and control of elastin synthesis, including its molecular and cellular aspects. The catalytic and biological properties of elastases; characterization and regulation of lysyl oxidase; and matrix accumulation and the development of form, considering proteoglycans and branching morphogenesis, are explained as well. Included in this text is an autobiography and personal retrospective by Miles Partridge, one of the contributors that greatly influenced the progress in understanding extracellular matrix biology. This publication is a good reference for students and researchers conducting work on biology, specifically on connective tissue.
Evidence generated by a number of genetic studies indicates that growth is regulated by a number of genes and that interference with their expression can have catastrophic effects on the well being of the whole organism. This work covers skeletal development and growth.
This book explores the latest data dealing with mechanosensitive channels research results. It was compiled by a group of internationally recognized scientists leading in the field of mechanosensitive ion channels or mechanically gated channels and signaling cascades research. Key problems of cell mechanobiology are also discussed. As a whole, the volume dwells on the major issues of mechanical stress influencing the ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways.
Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review and synthesis assembled on the topic, across all vertebrates. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage develop in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone is repaired when we break a leg, or regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a new tail. The second edition of Bones and Cartilage includes the most recent knowledge of molecular, cellular, developmental and evolutionary processes, which are integrated to outline a unified discipline of developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. Additionally, coverage includes how the molecular and cellular aspects of bones and cartilage differ in different skeletal systems and across species, along with the latest studies and hypotheses of relationships between skeletal cells and the most recent information on coupling between osteocytes and osteoclasts All chapters have been revised and updated to include the latest research. Offers complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage, with updated references and extensive illustrations Integrates development and evolution of the skeleton, as well a synthesis of differentiation, growth and patterning Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution, and covers all vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages Includes new chapters on evolutionary skeletal biology that highlight normal variation and variability, and variation outside the norm (neomorphs, atavisms) Updates hypotheses on the origination of cartilage using new phylogenetic, cellular and genetic data Covers stem cells in embryos and adults, including mesenchymal stem cells and their use in genetic engineering of cartilage, and the concept of the stem cell niche
Principles of Bone Biology provides the most comprehensive, authoritative reference on the study of bone biology and related diseases. It is the essential resource for anyone involved in the study of bone biology. Bone research in recent years has generated enormous attention, mainly because of the broad public health implications of osteoporosis and related bone disorders. Provides a "one-stop" shop. There is no need to search through many research journals or books to glean the information one wants...it is all in one source written by the experts in the field The essential resource for anyone involved in the study of bones and bone diseases Takes the reader from the basic elements of fundamental research to the most sophisticated concepts in therapeutics Readers can easily search and locate information quickly as it will be online with this new edition