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Microscale hydrogels are potentially useful materials for controlling cellular behavior to mimic native microenvironments for tissue engineering applications. In this chapter, various fabrication techniques to generate microscale hydrogels and their applications in tissue engineering have been outlined. In addition, we provide examples of microscale hydrogels with different physical and chemical properties for generation of tissue constructs. Finally, we discuss potential future directions in fabrication of hydrogels to address challenges in tissue engineering. It is expected that these techniques will enable engineering of three-dimensional (3D) structures with controlled features for the formation of functional tissues and organs.
Comprehensive, yet concise, 3D Printing for the Radiologist presents an overview of three-dimensional printing at the point of care. Focusing on opportunities and challenges in radiology practice, this up-to-date reference covers computer-aided design principles, quality assurance, training, and guidance for integrating 3D printing across radiology subspecialties. Practicing and trainee radiologists, surgeons, researchers, and imaging specialists will find this an indispensable resource for furthering their understanding of the current state and future outlooks for 3D printing in clinical medicine. - Covers a wide range of topics, including basic principles of 3D printing, quality assurance, regulatory perspectives, and practical implementation in medical training and practice. - Addresses the challenges associated with 3D printing integration in clinical settings, such as reimbursement, regulatory issues, and training. - Features concise chapters from a team of multidisciplinary chapter authors, including practicing radiologists, researchers, and engineers. - Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into a single, convenient, resource.
3D tissue modelling is an emerging field used for the investigation of disease mechanisms and drug development. Integrating physics, chemistry, materials science, and stem cell and biomedical engineering, this book provides a complete foundation to this exciting, and interdisciplinary field.
Cancer cell biology research in general, and anti-cancer drug development specifically, still relies on standard cell culture techniques that place the cells in an unnatural environment. As a consequence, growing tumor cells in plastic dishes places a selective pressure that substantially alters their original molecular and phenotypic properties.The emerging field of regenerative medicine has developed bioengineered tissue platforms that can better mimic the structure and cellular heterogeneity of in vivo tissue, and are suitable for tumor bioengineering research. Microengineering technologies have resulted in advanced methods for creating and culturing 3-D human tissue. By encapsulating the respective cell type or combining several cell types to form tissues, these model organs can be viable for longer periods of time and are cultured to develop functional properties similar to native tissues. This approach recapitulates the dynamic role of cell–cell, cell–ECM, and mechanical interactions inside the tumor. Further incorporation of cells representative of the tumor stroma, such as endothelial cells (EC) and tumor fibroblasts, can mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment. Collectively, bioengineered tumors create an important resource for the in vitro study of tumor growth in 3D including tumor biomechanics and the effects of anti-cancer drugs on 3D tumor tissue. These technologies have the potential to overcome current limitations to genetic and histological tumor classification and development of personalized therapies.
In recent years there has been an increasing need for transplantation, but the number of donor livers available has increased only slightly, despite intensive public relations activities. New concepts in the field of transplantation, for instance the transplantation of living donor organs or the splitting of organs, are urgently required, to safeguard the treatment of patients with severe liver disease. The development and clinical application of cell therapy for patients with liver disease could soon present a significant enhancement of the therapeutic options. The aim of such cell therapy is to repair or improve the biological function of the chronically and acutely damaged liver. Even though systematic trials are not available, individual case reports and small series already show promising clinical results. Present concepts of cell therapy for liver diseases based on the use of primary hepatocytes have recently been considerably extended through new data on the biology of stem cells. The adult haematopoetic stem cell as a pool for hepatocyte grafts - what would be the perspectives for the clinical application? This book is the proceedings of the Falk Symposium No. 126 on `Hepatocyte Transplantation' (Progress in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Part III) held in Hannover, Germany, October 2-3, 2001, and is a forum for basic research, but also for questions concerning clinical applications in the field of hepatocyte transplantation.
Biofabrication is a practical guide to the novel, inherently cross-disciplinary scientific field that focuses on biomanufacturing processes and a related range of emerging technologies. These processes and technologies ultimately further the development of products that may involve living (cells and/or tissues) and nonliving (bio-supportive proteins, scaffolds) components. The book introduces readers to cell printing, patterning, assembling, 3D scaffold fabrication, cell/tissue-on-chips as a coherent micro-/nano-fabrication toolkit. Real-world examples illustrate how to apply biofabrication techniques in areas such as regenerative medicine, pharmaceuticals and tissue engineering. In addition to being a vital reference for scientists, engineers and technicians seeking to apply biofabrication techniques, this book also provides an insight into future developments in the field, and potential new applications. - Discover the multi-disciplinary toolkit provided by biofabrication and apply it to develop new products, techniques and therapies - Covers a range of important emerging technologies in a coherent manner: cell printing, patterning, assembling, 3D scaffold fabrication, cell/tissue-on-chips... - Readers develop the ability to apply biofabrication technologies through practical examples
The recent revolution in the biological sciences and bioengineering, along with the advancements of modern design and manufacturing, biomaterials, biology, and biomedicine, have brought about the new field of computer-aided tissue engineering. Advances in this fascinating new area of study encompass broad applications in large-scale tissue engineering fabrication, artificial organs, orthopaedic implants, and biological chips. Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering highlights the interdisciplinary nature of this topic and reviews the current state of computer-aided three-dimensional tissue modeling, tissue classification, and tissue fabrication and implantation. Particular focus is placed on rapid prototyping and direct digital fabrication for cell and organs, construction of tissue analogs, and precursors to 3D tissue scaffolds. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series, this work provides the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results. Current and practical, Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering provides a coherent framework for researchers interested in these vital technologies and for clinicians who plan to implement them.
This is the first time that human organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney, stomach, uterus, skin, lung, pancreas and breast can be manufactured automatically and precisely for clinical transplantation, drug screening and metabolism model establishment. Headed by Professor Xiaohong Wang (also the founder and director) in the Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, this group has focused on organ manufacturing for over ten years. A series of technical bottleneck problems, such as vascular and nerve system establishment in a construct, multiple cell types and material system incorporation, and stem cell sequential engagement, have been overcome one by one. Two technical approaches have been exploited extensively. One is multiple nozzle rapid prototyping (RP), additive manufacturing (AM), or three-dimension (3D) printing. The other is combined mold systems. More than 110 articles and 40 patents with a series of theories and practices have been published consequently. In the future, all the failed organs (including the brain) in the human body can be substituted easily like a small accessory part in a car. Everyone can get benefit from these techniques, which ultimately means that the lifespan of humans, therefore, can be greatly prolonged from this time point. This book examines the progress made in the field and the developments made by these researchers (and authors) in the field.
Focusing on bone biology, Bone Tissue Engineering integrates basic sciences with tissue engineering. It includes contributions from world-renowned researchers and clinicians who discuss key topics such as different models and approaches to bone tissue engineering, as well as exciting clinical applications for patients. Divided into four sections, t
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have revolutionized computation power due to their capabilities to develop advanced micro-architectures. MEMS technologies illustrate the potential for many applications in the field of tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and life sciences. The fabrication of tissue models integrates the multidisciplinary field of life sciences and engineering. Presently, monolayer cell cultures are frequently used to investigate potential anticancer agents. These monolayer cultures give limited feedback on the effects of the microenvironment on chemotherapeutic and the heterogeneity of the tumor. A microenvironment, which mimics that of the cancerous tissue, will eliminate the limitations of the traditional mainstays of cancer research. The fabrication of such microenvironments requires a thorough investigation of the actual target organ, tissue, and/or tumor. Conventional MEMS technologies are developed for the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs) on silicone wafers. Conventional MEMS technologies are very expensive and are not developed for biological applications. The digital micro-mirroring microfabrication (DMM) system eliminates the need for an expensive chrome mask by incorporating a dynamic maskless fabrication technique. The DMM is designed to utilize its digital micro-mirrors to fabricate biological devices. This digital microfabrication-based system provides a platform for the fabrication of economic biological models that are specifically designed to mimic the in vivo conditions of the tissue of interest.