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Beyond the world of atoms, at scales smaller than the smallest nuclei, a new world comes into view, populated by an array of colorful elementary particles: strange and charmed quarks, muons and neutrinos, gluons and photons, and many others, all interacting in beautifully intricate patterns. Beyond the Nanoworld tells the story of how this new real
The fi eld of cosmology may be on the verge of a signifi cant paradigm shift, as there is an increasing awareness that scientists have missed something fundamental as they carry on in their quest for a theory of everything and a theory that unites general relativity with quantum mechanics. Knight proposes a new theory suggesting that the space-time geometry possesses a complex hierarchical structure that comprises twelve dimensionsnine space dimensions and three time. Furthermore, this structure is divided into three strata, each of which has its own four-dimensional structure and stratum-specifi c fundamental forces and parameterswith variations in the gravitational constant G, the speed of light c, and the Planck constant. Through the pages of this work, this theory is further explained.
Gaining notoriety as the science behind the controversial experiments of the Large Hadron Collider, particle physics explores our most fundamental and mind-blowing problems: How did the Universe start? What are we made of? How small is the smallest thing? Without presuming any prior scientific knowledge, Brian R. Martin takes readers on a wide-ranging tour of the field, from its beginnings in nuclear physics to the discovery of quarks to present-day research into string theory, the mystery of antimatter, and the search for the elusive God particle.
At the Root of Things: The Subatomic World is a journey into the world of elementary particles-the basic constituents of all matter in the universe-and the nature of the interactions among them. The book begins with a summary of pre-quantum physics and later tackles quantum physics, which is essential for the study of elementary particles. It is written in a non-technical way so that anyone interested about these issues will be able to read it. All and all, this is a book that not only helps outsiders understand the subject in a non-mathematical manner; it also inspires them to join the exciting endeavor. It contains many line diagrams to illustrate the ideas and a few mathematical equations like E = mc2.
This thesis presents a search for long-lived particles decaying into displaced electrons and/or muons with large impact parameters. This signature provides unique sensitivity to the production of theoretical lepton-partners, sleptons. These particles are a feature of supersymmetric theories, which seek to address unanswered questions in nature. The signature searched for in this thesis is difficult to identify, and in fact, this is the first time it has been probed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It covers a long-standing gap in coverage of possible new physics signatures. This thesis describes the special reconstruction and identification algorithms used to select leptons with large impact parameters and the details of the background estimation. The results are consistent with background, so limits on slepton masses and lifetimes in this model are calculated at 95% CL, drastically improving on the previous best limits from the Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP).
Murray Gell-Mann, Physics Nobel Prize Laureate in 1969 is known for his theoretical work on elementary particle physics and the introduction of quarks and together with H. Fritzsch the “Quantum Chromodynamics”. Based on four sections the Editor gives an overview on the work of Gell-Mann and his contributions to various aspects of the physics, related to quarks. His most important and influential papers were selected and reprinted so that the reader easily can check the original work of Gell-Mann.
The ASI Quarks, Leptons and Beyond, held in Munich from the 5th to the 16th of September 1983 was dedicated to the study of what we now believe are the fundamental building blocks of nature: quarks and leptons. The subject was approached on two levels. On the one hand, a thorough discussion was given of the status of our knowledge of quarks and leptons and their interactions, both from an experi mental and a theoretical standpoint. On the other hand, open problems presented by the so called standard model of quark and lepton interact ions were explored along various ways that lead one beyond this frame work. One of the principal predictions of the standard model is that weak interactions are mediated by heavy Wand Z vector bosons. These particles were discovered in 1983 at CERN and their relevant proper ties were discussed at the ASI by C. Rubbia. Further theoretical predictions concerning these Z and W bosons, yet to be checked by future experimentation, were discussed by G. Altarelli with a view of seeing where the standard model might fail and new physics ensue. The strong interactions of quarks, based on Quantum Chromodynamics (QeD), are presumed to cause the quarks to bind into hadrons. Pro gress in attempts to calculate the observed hadronic spectrum, ab initio, starting from QCD and employing lattice methods were reviewed at the ASI by P. Hasenfratz.
This is the first volume of textbooks on atomic, molecular and optical physics, aiming at a comprehensive presentation of this highly productive branch of modern physics as an indispensable basis for many areas in physics and chemistry as well as in state of the art bio- and material-sciences. It primarily addresses advanced students (including PhD students), but in a number of selected subject areas the reader is lead up to the frontiers of present research. Thus even the active scientist is addressed. This volume 1 provides the canonical knowledge in atomic physics together with basics of modern spectroscopy. Starting from the fundamentals of quantum physics, the reader is familiarized in well structured chapters step by step with the most important phenomena, models and measuring techniques. The emphasis is always on the experiment and its interpretation, while the necessary theory is introduced from this perspective in a compact and occasionally somewhat heuristic manner, easy to follow even for beginners.