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This is a completely updated and revised version of a monograph published in 2002 by the NASA History Office under the original title Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958-2000. This new edition not only adds all events in robotic deep space exploration after 2000 and up to the end of 2016, but it also completely corrects and updates all accounts of missions from 1958 to 2000--Provided by publisher.
In 1958, Charles David Keeling began measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. His project kicked off a half century of research that has expanded our knowledge of climate change. Despite more than fifty years of research, however, our global society has yet to find real solutions to the problem of global warming. Why? In Behind the Curve, Joshua Howe attempts to answer this question. He explores the history of global warming from its roots as a scientific curiosity to its place at the center of international environmental politics. The book follows the story of rising CO2—illustrated by the now famous Keeling Curve—through a number of historical contexts, highlighting the relationships among scientists, environmentalists, and politicians as those relationships changed over time. The nature of the problem itself, Howe explains, has privileged scientists as the primary spokespeople for the global climate. But while the “science first” forms of advocacy they developed to fight global warming produced more and better science, the primacy of science in global warming politics has failed to produce meaningful results. In fact, an often exclusive focus on science has left advocates for change vulnerable to political opposition and has limited much of the discussion to debates about the science itself. As a result, while we know much more about global warming than we did fifty years ago, CO2 continues to rise. In 1958, Keeling first measured CO2 at around 315 parts per million; by 2013, global CO2 had soared to 400 ppm. The problem is not getting better - it's getting worse. Behind the Curve offers a critical and levelheaded look at how we got here.
From the beginning of the space age, scientists and engineers have worked on systems to help humans survive for the astounding 28,500 days (78 years) needed to reach another planet. They’ve imagined and tried to create a little piece of Earth in a bubble travelling through space, inside of which people could live for decades, centuries, or even millennia. Far Beyond the Moon tells the dramatic story of engineering efforts by astronauts and scientists to create artificial habitats for humans in orbiting space stations, as well as on journeys to Mars and beyond. Along the way, David P. D. Munns and Kärin Nickelsen explore the often unglamorous but very real problem posed by long-term life support: How can we recycle biological wastes to create air, water, and even food in meticulously controlled artificial environments? Together, they draw attention to the unsung participants of the space program—the sanitary engineers, nutritionists, plant physiologists, bacteriologists, and algologists who created and tested artificial environments for space based on chemical technologies of life support—as well as the bioregenerative algae systems developed to reuse waste, water, and nutrients, so that we might cope with a space journey of not just a few days, but months, or more likely, years.
Syukuro Manabe is perhaps the leading pioneer of modern climate modeling. Beyond Global Warming is his compelling firsthand account of how the scientific community came to understand the human causes of climate change, and how numerical models using the world's most powerful computers have been instrumental to these vital discoveries. Joined here by atmospheric scientist Anthony Broccoli, Manabe shows how climate models have been used as virtual laboratories for examining the complex planetary interactions of atmosphere, ocean, and land. Manabe and Broccoli use these studies as the basis for a broader discussion of human-induced global warming--and what the future may hold for a warming planet. They tell the stories of early trailblazers such as Svante Arrhenius, the legendary Swedish scientist who created the first climate model of Earth more than a century ago, and provide rare insights into Manabe's own groundbreaking work over the past five decades. Expertly walking readers through key breakthroughs, they explain why increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide has caused temperatures to rise in the troposphere yet fall in the stratosphere, why the warming of the planet's surface differs by hemisphere, why drought is becoming more frequent in arid regions despite the global increase in precipitation, and much more.
A book that inspires and guides you through the key trends and influences for architecture and design. Not just another book on architecture and design, Atmosphere invites, encourages and motivates. The atmosphere is a useful and meaningful metaphor for the artistic climate that fills our lives and responds to our sensors. Here, too, one can distinguish various layers that can be analysed and reduced to the basic components of any creative effort: form, colour and material. This book explores seven atmospheric layers that not only exist simultaneously but - owing to their fleeting nature - can easily merge to form new combinations, over and over again. Atmosphere is a seven-part exploration of the themes that spark such work. It delves into a renewed interest in handicrafts, into creases and crinkles as generators of form, into nature as an inexhaustible source of inspiration. Learn how designers deal with the chill perfection of computer-aided design and how they counter a period of baroque extravagance. Each chapter is lavishly illustrated with recent work by top designers, architects and artists. Here's hoping the oxygen in Atmosphere will be pumped into future projects - including yours.
While there is a tacit appreciation that freedom from violence will lead to more prosperous relations among peoples, violence continues to be deployed for various political and social ends. Yet the problem of violence still defies neat description, subject to many competing interpretations. Histories of Violence offers an accessible yet compelling examination of the problem of violence as it appears in the corpus of canonical figures – from Hannah Arendt to Frantz Fanon, Michel Foucault to Slavoj Žižek – who continue to influence and inform contemporary political, philosophical, sociological, cultural, and anthropological study. Written by a team of internationally renowned experts, this is an essential interrogation of post-war critical thought as it relates to violence.
In the vast expanse of the universe, the stars that limit our imagination are filled with infinite mysteries. With each step we take towards the depths of space, humanity's journey of exploration, fueled by boundless curiosity, continues as an unending adventure. "Beyond Planets: Quest for Life and Future Perspectives" is a part of this epic journey. This book is a captivating voyage intertwined with science, technology, and philosophy, nourishing our curiosity about distant worlds among the stars. Exoplanets, planets outside our Solar System, have become one of the most exciting and rapidly evolving research topics in astronomy today. Within these pages, you will discover the stories of scientists, philosophers, and researchers who seek traces of life in the cosmos. Amidst the complex dance of planets, stars, and galaxies, their tales of exoplanet discovery will challenge your imagination. As we explore how exoplanets were found, what habitable zones truly mean, the impact of atmospheres and climates on life, and even the possibility of intelligent beings, we will also explore how these discoveries have shaped our worldview. Additionally, we will confront ethical and scientific challenges, such as exoplanet colonization and its potential future implications. In this book, you will witness not only the technicalities of scientific research but also the power of imagination and humanity's unyielding desire for exploration. Exoplanets are not merely subjects of scientific inquiry; they embody humanity's relentless pursuit of knowledge and represent a reflection of our collective cosmic curiosity. While exploring the complexities of exoplanets, you will bear witness to the immense power of imagination, ingenuity, and the potential for life beyond Earth. Exoplanets are not just distant celestial bodies; they are gateways to unraveling the grand mysteries of the cosmos. In the immensity of space, on the journey through the stars, we stand on the threshold of understanding the grandeur and intricacy of the universe. In this book, we extend our invitation to embark on this extraordinary odyssey. Uncover the secrets of exoplanets, push the boundaries of your imagination, and join us on this epic quest that transcends time and space. In the vastness of the cosmos, venturing to the stars is an honor greater than any other, and we are excited to have you by our side on this path. Happy reading!
Examines the experiments performed at the Pneumatic Institution, led by doctor Thomas Beddoes, that precipitated a revolution in scientific medicine and prompted the discovery of nitrous oxide.