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The world beyond Superstrings describes a world with dimensions smaller than Planck length (1.616229 x 10-35 [m] ). Since 1971 Superstrings within the dimensions of the Planck length have been considered the building elements for elementary particles . The question rises: What are Superstrings made of? What is the building material for Superstrings. What are the 10 dimensions? This book offers an attempt to find new answers beyond unknown borders. To find the new unknown boundaries we have to go back in time. Because when we start with the same mathematical equations, the same knowledge, the same procedures, we will always find the same outcome, the same answers. And soon we will believe that there is only one outcome. The only outcome within the Standard Model where we will find the same elementary particles grounded on the same Superstring Theory. To escape from the vicious circle in Quantum Mechanics, we have to leave the path of well known physics. We have to leave behind the founders of Quantum Physics. Great scientists like Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. We have to leave behind the safe path of well- known physics. We even have to leave behind the founders of classical physics. We have to leave behind a very special scientist like James Clerk Maxwell, the founder of Classical Electrodynamics. And when we walk all alone in darkness, wondering where to go, we have to remember the first beginning of the discovery of light. How a man, half a monk, half a scientist, like Isaac Newton discovered the first principles of the light when he saw the first secrets of light being revealed. When the pure white light was broken through a prism and separated in the colors of the rainbow. Isaac Newton was touched by the beauty of the light as well as in his religious way as well as in his scientific way. And that is the secret that the world has forgotten. Everything will be revealed to us, when we step down from our towers of power and kneel humble for the beauty of that what has been given to us. Because there is wisdom in beauty. There is knowledge in prayer. And the most powerful wisdom will be given to us out of love. Do not claim wisdom but receive it humble and enjoy the beauty of it. There is nothing more “non-scientific” in the world than to claim that we have found the “God’s particle”. There is nothing more arrogant in the world than to claim that we have found the theory of everything and that we have framed God into a quantum mechanical box. But when we make ourselves humble and kneel for the beauty of the world. When we open our heart for the love that is carried by the beauty, wisdom will come to us and answers will be given for free. Doors will be opened. And we will discover the secrets to open the hidden doors to the unknown worlds. When we go back in time, back to 1672 when Isaac Newton just had discovered the beauty of light, showing all its hidden colors. And we ask the “hidden world showing the beauty of light”: how can we build a world? We will simply find the answers. And knowledge will be given to us for free. Knowledge beyond Superstrings. Knowledge beyond 10-dimensional spaces. Because the world is always in balance. Newton’s second law of motions simply expresses the balance in nature. And balance will be our answer. To build a world, we have to build a world in balance. And that is the only knowledge that has been used to build a new theory beyond Superstrings and beyond 10-dimensional spaces. The discovery journey to this new theory beyond Superstrings will be lonely and dark. Because there will be no guidance from well known physics. Equations have to be reinvented. And the road will lead straight through faith and believe, through manipulation of truth, through political intrigues, through the darkness of the world. But there is always the hope that at the end of the tunnel of darkness, there will be light.
The past decade has witnessed dramatic developments in the field of theoretical physics. This book is a comprehensive introduction to these recent developments. It contains a review of the Standard Model, covering non-perturbative topics, and a discussion of grand unified theories and magnetic monopoles. It introduces the basics of supersymmetry and its phenomenology, and includes dynamics, dynamical supersymmetry breaking, and electric-magnetic duality. The book then covers general relativity and the big bang theory, and the basic issues in inflationary cosmologies before discussing the spectra of known string theories and the features of their interactions. The book also includes brief introductions to technicolor, large extra dimensions, and the Randall-Sundrum theory of warped spaces. This will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics and cosmology. The book contains several problems, and password protected solutions will be available to lecturers at www.cambridge.org/9780521858410.
Volume 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond, begins with an introduction to supersymmetric string theories and goes on to a broad presentation of the important advances of recent years. The book first introduces the type I, type II, and heterotic superstring theories and their interactions. It then goes on to present important recent discoveries about strongly coupled strings, beginning with a detailed treatment of D-branes and their dynamics, and covering string duality, M-theory, and black hole entropy, and discusses many classic results in conformal field theory. The final four chapters are concerned with four-dimensional string theories, and have two goals: to show how some of the simplest string models connect with previous ideas for unifying the Standard Model; and to collect many important and beautiful general results on world-sheet and spacetime symmetries.
What is superstring theory and why is it important? Can superstrings offer the fulfilment of Einstein's lifelong dream of a Theory of Everything? Co-authored by one of the leading pioneers in superstrings, this book approaches these scientific questions, looking at the scientific research.
This volume is a collection of lectures given by distinguished physicists from around the world, covering the most recent advances in theoretical physics and the latest results from current experimental facilities.Following one of the principal aims of the School ? to encourage and promote young physicists to achieve recognition at an international level ? the students who distinguished themselves for the excellence of their research were given the opportunity to publish their presentations in this volume.
A collection of essays discussing the philosophy and foundations of quantum gravity. Written by leading philosophers and physicists in the field, chapters cover the important conceptual questions in the search for a quantum theory of gravity, and the current state of understanding among philosophers and physicists.
We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough. Niels Bohr Superstring theory has emerged as the most promising candidate for a quan tum theory of all known interactions. Superstrings apparently solve a problem that has defied solution for the past 50 years, namely the unification of the two great fundamental physical theories of the century, quantum field theory and general relativity. Superstring theory introduces an entirely new physical picture into theoretical physics and a new mathematics that has startled even the mathematicians. Ironically, although superstring theory is supposed to provide a unified field theory of the universe, the theory itself often seems like a confused jumble offolklore, random rules of thumb, and intuition. This is because the develop ment of superstring theory has been unlike that of any other theory, such as general relativity, which began with a geometry and an action and later evolved into a quantum theory. Superstring theory, by contrast, has been evolving backward for the past 20 years. It has a bizarre history, beginning with the purely accidental discovery of the quantum theory in 1968 by G. Veneziano and M. Suzuki. Thumbing through old math books, they stumbled by chance on the Beta function, written down in the last century by mathematician Leonhard Euler.
Called by some "the theory of everything," superstrings may solve a problem which has eluded physicists for the past 50 years -- the final unification of the two great theories of the twentieth century, general relativity and quantum field theory. This is a course-tested comprehensive introductory graduate text on superstrings which stresses the most current areas of interest, not covered in other presentation, including: string field theory, multi loops, Teichmueller spaces, conformal field theory, and four-dimensional strings. The book begins with a simple discussion of point particle theory, and uses the Feynman path integral technique to unify the presentation of superstrings. Prerequisites are an aquaintance with quantum mechanics and relativity. This second edition has been revised and updated throughout.
Addressing the need for an up-to-date reference on silicon devices and heterostructures, Beyond the Desert 99 reviews the technology used to grow and characterize Goup IV alloy films. It covers the theory, device design, and simulation of heterojunction transistors, emphasizing their relevance in developing the technologies involving strained layers; device design and simulation of conventional silicon bipolar transistors and SiGe HBTs at room and low temperatures; and device design and simulation for MOSFETs, including SiGe and strained-Si channel MOSFETs. The book concludes with simulations and examples of different applications. It provides a unified reference for scientists and engineers investigating the use of SiGe and strained silicon in a new generation of high-speed circuit applications.