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The past three decades have seen an international ‘turn to participation’ – letting those who will be affected by outcomes play an active role in decision-making – but there is widespread dissatisfaction with actual instances of citizen-state engagement. Neighbourhood planning in England exemplifies this contradiction. This innovative analysis brings theory, research and practice together to give insights into how and why citizen voices become effective or get excluded. Ethnographic data from detailed studies of neighbourhood planning are used to illustrate the constraints and possibilities of a wide range of participatory governance practices and social movements. The book concludes with recommendations to re-invigorate community involvement in planning and beyond.
Much of the research on which this book is based was funded almost a decade ago by separate grants from two different agencies of the U. S. Public Health Service, of the then still consolidated Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The first grant was from the Bureau of Community Environmental Management (Public Health Service Research Grant J-RO J EM 0049-02), and the second from the Center for Studies of Metropolitan Problems of the National Institute of Mental Health (Public Health Service Grant ROJ MH 24904-02). These separate grants were necessary because of budget cuts that truncated our original effort. We were fortunate to receive subsequent assistance from NIMH to conclude the research, as it is doubtful that a project of the scope and intent of our effort--even as completed in abbreviated form-will be funded in the 1980s. The original intent of this project, as formulated by our colleagues Ira Robinson and Alan Kreditor, and as conceptualized earlier by their predeces sors-members of an advisory committee of planners and social scientists ap pointed by the American Public Health Association (APHA)-was to rewrite Planning the Neighborhood, APHA's recommended standards for residential design. In particular, it was proposed that the new study take the point of view of the user in terms of residential standards. Hitherto, the private sector had domi nated these considerations (i. e. , the designer's predilections, the requirements of builders and material suppliers, and lenders' needs for mortgage security).
Neighborhood planning programs involve citizens in developing plans and self-help projects for their neighborhoods through local organizations. They also assist residents in reviewing projects developed by city agencies. Based on a survey of fifty-one neighborhood planning programs and in-depth case studies of Atlanta, Cincinnati, Houston, St. Paul, Wilmington, N.C., and Raleigh, Planning with Neighborhoods offers the first comprehensive description and evaluation of the effectiveness of these programs. Moving beyond theory, this study reviews the actual accomplishments and limitations of neighborhood planning programs and offers specific recommendations for designing a successful program. Included are a thorough history of neighborhood planning programs and an examination of the social, political, and planning theories that support their existence. Eight propositions on the benefits of a neighborood-based approach to planning are derived from this theory and evaluated on the basis of actual experience with this type of program. Speaking to both academics interested in neighborhood issues and planning practitioners, Planning with Neighborhoods concludes with recommendations for establishing effective neighborhood planning programs and improving existing programs. Originally published in 1985. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
"Localism" has been deployed in recent debates over planning law as an anodyne, grassroots way to shape communities into sustainable, human-scale neighborhoods. But "local" is a moving category, with contradictory, nuanced dimensions. Reconsidering Localism brings together new scholarship from leading academics in Europe and North America to develop a theoretically-grounded critique and definition of the new localism, and how it has come to shape urban governance and urban planning. Moving beyond the UK, this book examines localism and similar shifts in planning policy throughout Europe, and features essays on localism and place-making, sustainability, social cohesion, and citizen participation in community institutions. It explores how debates over localism and citizen control play out at the neighborhood, institutional and city level, and has come to effect the urban landscape throughout Europe. Reconsidering Localism is a current, vital addition to planning scholarship.
This book mixes conceptual rigour with accessible case study analysis and aims to expose the operation of community-led planning activities and frame them in a discussion of the effectiveness of collaborative planning processes.
As in many other areas of public policy in the United Kingdom, in recent years city planning has increasingly been localized, all the way down to the neighborhood level. This book is the first to critically analyze this shift, which has proved to be among the most contentious and controversial of all contemporary planning initiatives. Focusing on the newly granted rights of communities to draw up statutory Neighbourhood Development Plans, it moves from there to engage with larger debates about the theory and practice of localism, setting this trend within an international context with cases from the United States, Australia, and France, as well as the United Kingdom.
How community-based planning has challenged the powerful real estate industry in New York City. Remarkably, grassroots-based community planning flourishes in New York City—the self-proclaimed “real estate capital of the world”—with at least seventy community plans for different neighborhoods throughout the city. Most of these were developed during fierce struggles against gentrification, displacement, and environmental hazards, and most got little or no support from government. In fact, community-based plans in New York far outnumber the land use plans produced by government agencies. In New York for Sale, Tom Angotti tells some of the stories of community planning in New York City: how activists moved beyond simple protests and began to formulate community plans to protect neighborhoods against urban renewal, real estate mega-projects, gentrification, and environmental hazards. Angotti, both observer of and longtime participant in New York community planning, focuses on the close relationships among community planning, political strategy, and control over land. After describing the political economy of New York City real estate, its close ties to global financial capital, and the roots of community planning in social movements and community organizing, Angotti turns to specifics. He tells of two pioneering plans forged in reaction to urban renewal plans (including the first community plan in the city, the 1961 Cooper Square Alternate Plan—a response to a Robert Moses urban renewal scheme); struggles for environmental justice, including battles over incinerators, sludge, and garbage; plans officially adopted by the city; and plans dominated by powerful real estate interests. Finally, Angotti proposes strategies for progressive, inclusive community planning not only for New York City but for anywhere that neighborhoods want to protect themselves and their land. New York for Sale teaches the empowering lesson that community plans can challenge market-driven development even in global cities with powerful real estate industries
English summary: This book aims at a comprehensive understanding of diverging urban rejuvenation practices and gentrification processes in New York City, Berlin and Vienna. Regulative and supportive mechanisms at policy and planning level have been identified through a comparative analysis of urban rejuvenation policies and actors' embeddedness. Those mechanisms enable the development of contextualised parameters that support projection attempts of future gentrification processes at the neighbourhood level. As a result, a reflective understanding of gentrification and policy recommendations are drawn at a general level. The recommendations refer to the political understanding of gentrification and its role in urban development. This analysis argues that cities should include gentrification as a driving force in urban policies. However, processes of gentrification require mediation and monitoring by public authorities who should be aware of the risk of social fragmentation. As a consequence, cities should move towards a social entrepreneurial city that moves beyond the simple distribution of financial resources and responsibilities and ensures social responsibility within the force field of ongoing neoliberal forces. German description: Diese Publikation zielt auf ein umfassendes Verstandnis unterschiedlicher Stadterneuerungspraktiken, die sich auf die Erhaltung der baulichen Substanz beziehen, sowie Gentrification-Prozesse in New York City, Berlin und Wien ab. Dabei wird eine vergleichende Analyse von politischen Strategien und involvierten AkteurInnen angewendet, um regulierende und unterstutzende Mechanismen auf der politischen und stadtplanerischen Ebene zu identifizieren. Diese Mechanismen ermoglichen die Entwicklung von kontextualisierten Parametern. Als Ergebnis dienen eine reflektierte Betrachtung von Gentrification und Empfehlungen, die auf einer stadtubergreifenden Ebene Entwicklungsleitlinien fur den politischen Umgang mit Gentrification und dessen Rolle in der Stadtentwicklung aufzeigen.