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Abstract.
In shallow estuaries benthic and pelagic processes are tightly coupled such that the nutrients fueling primary production are regenerated from the sediments by the decomposition of organic matter. Weeks Bay, Alabama, a National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) site is characterized by high rates of gross primary production and is one of several shallow sub-estuaries, which has the potential to alter nutrients before exporting them to Mobile Bay. The overarching goal of the study was to determine the role of the sediments in providing nutrients for water column primary production in Weeks Bay. The study was conducted over a one year period (April 2009 - March 2010) at two sites, Magnolia River and Mid Bay. Monthly measurements of water column dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, temperature, chlorophyll-a (chla), nutrients, and porewater profiles of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate (PO_4 ^3- ) were made from 0-10 cm over 1 cm intervals. In addition, intact sediment cores were used to measure benthic fluxes of DIN (NO_3 ^-, NH_4 ^+, and PO_4 ^3- ), sediment oxygen consumption (SOC), and di-nitrogen gas (N_2). Denitrification potential rates were measured using the acetylene inhibition method to determine if NO_3 ^- was limiting to denitrification. Net Ecosystem Metabolism (NEM), gross primary production, and respiration were calculated using the open water method from continuous dissolved oxygen concentrations measured at two sites. In general, there was an uptake of NO_3 ^- by the sediments. There was a seasonal pattern with NH_4 ^+ fluxes with the greatest effluxes occurring during the warmer months. N_2 fluxes were variable and in general there was an uptake into the sediments. There was no detectable site or seasonal pattern in SOC or PO_4 ^3- Respiration exhibited a strong seasonal pattern in both sites and increased from spring to summer, peaked in the summer, and decreased in the fall and winter. There was not a strong seasonal pattern for gross primary production. Net ecosystem metabolism revealed net heterotrophy year-round. Phytoplankton nitrogen demand (PND) calculated from gross primary production suggest the sediments provide approximately 9% of PND.
This open access book discusses biogeochemical processes relevant to carbon and aims to provide readers, graduate students and researchers, with insight into the functioning of marine ecosystems. A carbon centric approach has been adopted, but other elements are included where relevant or needed. The book focuses on concepts and quantitative understanding of primary production, organic matter mineralization and sediment biogeochemistry. The impact of biogeochemical processes on inorganic carbon dynamics and organic matter transformation are also discussed.
Estuarine Perspectives presents most of the invited papers presented at the Fifth Biennial International Research Conference on Estuarine Research. The book includes information on one tropical and two Arctic estuaries; contemporary techniques as applied to estuarine research; and some hypotheses of estuarine ecology. The text also describes value and management of wetlands as well as the chemical cycles and fluxes. The primary production and photosynthesis; the physical and biological factors of estuarine sediment; and the ecosystem dynamics are also encompassed.
Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1 957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 28 (thesis year 1 983) a total of 10,661 theses titles from 26 Canadian and 197 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 28 reports theses submitted in-1983, on occasion, certain univer sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.
The benthic boundary layer is the zone of water and sediment immediately adjacent to the bottom of a sea, lake, or river. This zone is of considerable interest to biologists, geochemists, sedimentologists, and engineers because of very strong gradients of energy, dissolved and solid chemical components, suspended matter, and the number of organisms that live there. It is, for example, the sink for anthropogenic substances and the home of microscopic plant life that provides the nutrients that determine fish populations--and ultimately the size of the fisheries. This book of original chapters edited by Professors Boudreau and Jorgensen, both leading researchers in the field, will meet the need for an up-to-date, definitive text/reference on measurements, techniques, and models for transport and biochemical processes in the benthic boundary layer. Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of a selected field, with illustrated examples from the authors' own work. The book will appeal to professionals and researchers in marine biology, marine chemistry, marine engineering, and sedimentology.
Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.
This volume focuses on the nutrient and organic matter inputs in estuaries and other coastal ecosystems, their effects on geochemistry and community structure and possibilities for recovery of the systems to a trophic state that is beneficial for man and nature. The book provides many examples of the effects of the enhanced supply of nutrients and organic matter on the chemical features of the water and on the structure, metabolism and trophic pathways of the biological communities. Also included are several case studies providing considerable insight into the response of the different coastal ecosystems to long term changes in the trophic state of the water. Current knowledge on modeling as a tool to manage the trophic state of the coastal ecosystems is also dealt with, making this book one of interests to scientist and students as well as managers.