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Himalayan Languages and Linguistics is an edited collection of new and unpublished primary research findings, some fresh from the field and others derived from comparative textual material, on the Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan and Austroasiatic languages of this important and underdocumented mountainous region.
The present volume is a broad overview of methods and methodologies in linguistics, illustrated with examples from concrete research. It collects insights gained from a broad range of linguistic sub-disciplines, ranging from core disciplines to topics in cross-linguistic and language-internal diversity or to contributions towards language, space and society. Given its critical and innovative nature, the volume is a valuable source for students and researchers of a broad range of linguistic interests.
This study presents a comparative approach to a universal theory of TENSE, ASPECT and MOOD, combining the methods of comparative and historical linguistics, fieldwork, text linguistics, and philology. The parts of the book discuss and describe (i) the concepts of TENSE, ASPECT and MOOD; (ii) the Tibetan system of RELATIVE TENSE and aspectual values, with main sections on Old and Classical Tibetan, “Lhasa” Tibetan, and East Tibetan (Amdo and Kham); and (iii) West Tibetan (Ladakhi, Purik, Balti); Part (iv) presents the comparative view. Discussing the similarities and differences of temporal and aspectual concepts, the study rejects the general claim that ASPECT is a linguistic universal. A new linguistic concept, FRAMING, is introduced in order to account for the aspect-like conceptualisations found in, e.g., English. The concept of RELATIVE TENSE or taxis, may likewise not be universal. Among the Tibetan varieties, West Tibetan is unique in having fully grammaticalized the concept of ABSOLUTE TENSE. West Tibetan is compared diachronically with Old and Classical Tibetan (documented since the mid 8th century) and synchronically with several contemporary Tibetan varieties. The grammaticalized forms of each variety are described on the basis of their employment in discourse. The underlying general function of the Tibetan verbal system is thus shown to be that of RELATIVE TENSE. Secondary aspectual functions are described for restricted contexts. A special focus on the pragmatic or metaphorical use of present tense constructions in Tibetan leads to a typology of narrative conventions. The last part also offers some suggestions for the reconstruction of the Proto-Tibetan verb system.
This volume offers a thorough, systematic, and crosslinguistic account of evidentiality, the linguistic encoding of the source of information on which a statement is based. In some languages, the speaker always has to specify this source - for example whether they saw the event, heard it, inferred it based on visual evidence or common sense, or was told about it by someone else. While not all languages have obligatory marking of this type, every language has ways of referring to information source and associated epistemological meanings. The continuum of epistemological expressions covers a range of devices from the lexical means in familiar European languages and in many languages of Aboriginal Australia to the highly grammaticalized systems in Amazonia or North America. In this handbook, experts from a variety of fields explore topics such as the relationship between evidentials and epistemic modality, contact-induced changes in evidential systems, the acquisition of evidentials, and formal semantic theories of evidentiality. The book also contains detailed case studies of evidentiality in language families across the world, including Algonquian, Korean, Nakh-Dagestanian, Nambikwara, Turkic, Uralic, and Uto-Aztecan.
This landmark dictionary serves as a basis for historical-comparative research on Tibetan. Conceptualized empirically and etymologically, it builds on extensive data from the Tibetan dialects and establishes the relationship to Written Tibetan. It reflects historical sound change and semantic change in all of linguistic Tibet. Based on historical sound change and geographical distribution, the dictionary applies a new classification of the Tibetan dialects.
This study of an oral tradition in northeast India is the first of its kind in this part of the eastern Himalayas. A comparative analysis reveals parallel stories in an area stretching from central Arunachal Pradesh into upland Southeast Asia and southwest China. The subject of the volume, the Apatanis, are a small population of Tibeto-Burman speakers who live in a narrow valley halfway between Tibet and Assam. Their origin myths, migration legends, oral histories, trickster tales and ritual chants, as well as performance contexts and genre system, reveal key cultural ideas and social practices, shifts in tribal identity and the reinvention of religion.
This work has 19 chapters, a section on verb conjugation, three appendices, and a bibliography. Numerous exercises, dialogues, texts, and special phrases are also provided. Each chapter consists of course texts, language notes, exercises, a vocabulary list, examples, and supplementary grammar. The texts focus on daily Tibetan life. Sentences are short and syntactically not overly complex. Exercises provide focus-related examples to reinforce chapter contents and include dialogues, sentences, and phrase completion. Dialogues are a major focus and provide a backdrop of communication for practice. Language notes deal with various grammatical, syntactic, and semantic points. A Tibetan-English wordlist is at the end of each chapter. The supplemental grammar section addresses unique grammatical concepts, new phrasal words, and function words and phrases. 《ཨམ་སྐད་ལམ་འཇུག》ཅེས་པ་ཨམ་སྐད་སྤྱི་མཚན་ཁོལ་ཕྱུང་མ་འདི་ནི་ས་བཅད་བཅུ་དགུ། བྱ་ཚིག་འགྱུར་ལྡོག་ཚན་པ་གཅིག ལེ་ལག་གསུམ་དང་དཔེ་ཆའི་ཐོ་གཞུང་གཅིག་བཅས་ཀྱིས་གྲུབ་ཅིང་། གཤར་སྦྱང་། ཁ་བརྡ། སློབ་ཚན་དང་ཡིག་ཚོགས་ལྷག་པོས་མཚན་ཡོད། ས་བཅད་རེ་རེ་ལ་སློབ་ཚན། བརྡ་དོན་གནད་འགྲེལ། གཤར་སྦྱང་། ཐ་སྙད་ཤན་སྦྱར། དཔེར་འཇོག་དང་བརྡ་སྤྲོད་ཁ་གསབ་བཅས་བྲིས་ཡོད། སློབ་ཚན་གྱིས་བོད་པའི་རང་གའི་འཚོ་བ་བྲིས་ཡོད། ཚིག་ཀ་ཐུང་ཞིང་ཚིག་སྡེབ་མི་ཉོག གཤར་སྦྱང་གི་ནང་དུ་མདོ་རྩ་གཟས་པའི་དཔེར་བརྗོད་བཞག་སྟེ་ས་བཅད་ཁག་གི་དོན་ཁོག་ཞིབ་རྒྱས་སུ་བཏང་ཡོད་ལ། ཁ་བརྡ་དང་ཚིག་ཀའམ་ཡིག་ཚོགས་ཁ་སྐོང་སོགས་ཤོང་ཡོད། ཁ་བརྡ་ནི་ཆེད་དམིགས་ཅན་ཏག་ཏག་ཡིན་པ་དང་ཤུགས་ནས་ཁ་བརྡའི་རྒྱབ་ལྗོངས་གོ་ཐུབ། བརྡ་དོན་གནད་འགྲེལ་གྱིས་བརྡ་དོན། ཚིག་སྡེབ་དང་ཚིག་དོན་ལྡེམ་པོ་བསེད་ཡོད། ས་བཅད་རེ་ལ་མཇུག་ན་བོད་དབྱིན་ཐ་སྙད་ཤན་སྦྱར་རེ་ཡོད། བརྡ་སྤྲོད་ཁ་གསབ་ཀྱི་ནང་དུ་བརྡ་དོན་སྒྲ་སྤྱི་ལྷག་པོ་དང་ཡིག་ཚོགས་ལྷག་པོ། རྐྱེན་ཡིག་དང་རྐྱེན་གྱི་ཡིག་ཚོགས་ཁན་འཇོག་བྱས་ཡོད། 《安多藏语导教》这本规范性的安多藏语专著由十九章、一节动词的时态变化、三个附件和一个书目提要组成，包含大量课文、会话、特殊用语和词组以及相关的练习。专著每章由课文、语法注解、练习题、单词表、例句和补充语法组成。课文以描述藏人日常生活的文章为主，句子简短、句法不甚复杂。练习题以会话、句型和词组的练习题为主，通过有针对性的例句来加强和丰富章节的内容。会话练习在强调内容的针对性的同时， 提供了会话的背景知识 。语法注解针对语法、句法和语义上的难点进行了解释。每一章的末尾有一个藏英词条对照。补充语法部分则强调一些藏语特有的语法概念和一些词组、助词和助词短语的用法。
This volume brings together a collection of articles exploring tense and aspect phenomena in a variety of non-related languages: Indo-European (Albanian, Bulgarian, Armenian, English, Norwegian, Hindi), Hamito-Semitic (Berber, Zenaga Berber, Arabic varieties, Neo-Aramaic), African (Wolof, Langi), Asian (Badaga, Korean, Mongolian languages – Khalkha, Buriat, Kalmuck – Thaï, Tibetic languages), Amerindian (Yucatec Maya, Sikuani), Greenlandic (Eskimo) and Oceanian (Nêlêmwa). Each article is grounded in solid empirical knowledge. It offers an in-depth study of aspectual and temporal devices as manifested in many diverse and complex ways from a cross-linguistic perspective and seeks to contribute to our understanding of the domain under consideration and more broadly to linguistic typology and theoretical linguistics, especially the enunciative approach. The book gives readers access to a collection of data and is of particular interest to scholars working on aspectuality and temporality, on pragmatics, on areal linguistics and on typology.
The Tibetan language comprises a wide range of spoken and written varieties whose known history dates from the 7th century AD to the present day. Its speakers inhabit a vast area in Central Asia and the Himalayas extending into seven modern nation states, while its abundant literature includes much of vital importance to the study of Buddhism. After surveying all the known varieties of Tibetan, including their geographical and historical background, this book concentrates on a phonological and grammatical description of the modern spoken Lhasa dialect, the standard spoken variety. The grammatical framework which has been specially devised to describe this variety is then applied to the written varieties of Preclassical and Classical Tibetan, demonstrating the fundamental unity of the language. The writing system is outlined, though all examples and texts are given in roman script and where appropriate, the International Phonetic Alphabet. The volume includes a comprehensive bibliography.