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Complexity systems are at the heart of behavior
This volume in the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Second Edition, combines the main features of Game Theory, covering most of the fundamental theoretical aspects under the cooperative and non-cooperative approaches, with the procedures of Agent-Based Modeling for studying complex systems composed of a large number of interacting entities with many degrees of freedom. In Game Theory, the cooperative approach focuses on the possible outcomes of the decision-makers’ interaction by abstracting from the "rational" actions or decisions that may lead to these outcomes. The non-cooperative approach focuses on the actions that the decision-makers can take. As John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern argued in their path-breaking book of 1944 entitled Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, most economic questions should be analyzed as games. The models of game theory are abstract representations of a number of real-life situations and have applications to economics, political science, computer science, evolutionary biology, social psychology, and law among others. Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) is a relatively new computational modeling paradigm which aims to construct the computational counterpart of a conceptual model of the system under study on the basis of discrete entities (i.e., the agent) with some properties and behavioral rules, and then to simulate them in a computer to mimic the real phenomena. Given the relative immaturity of this modeling paradigm, and the broad spectrum of disciplines in which it is applied, a clear cut and widely accepted definition of high level concepts of agents, environment, interactions and so on, is still lacking. This volume explores the state-of-the-art in the development of a real ABM ontology to address the epistemological issues related to this emerging paradigm for modeling complex systems.
This volume describes frontiers in social-behavioral modeling for contexts as diverse as national security, health, and on-line social gaming. Recent scientific and technological advances have created exciting opportunities for such improvements. However, the book also identifies crucial scientific, ethical, and cultural challenges to be met if social-behavioral modeling is to achieve its potential. Doing so will require new methods, data sources, and technology. The volume discusses these, including those needed to achieve and maintain high standards of ethics and privacy. The result should be a new generation of modeling that will advance science and, separately, aid decision-making on major social and security-related subjects despite the myriad uncertainties and complexities of social phenomena. Intended to be relatively comprehensive in scope, the volume balances theory-driven, data-driven, and hybrid approaches. The latter may be rapidly iterative, as when artificial-intelligence methods are coupled with theory-driven insights to build models that are sound, comprehensible and usable in new situations. With the intent of being a milestone document that sketches a research agenda for the next decade, the volume draws on the wisdom, ideas and suggestions of many noted researchers who draw in turn from anthropology, communications, complexity science, computer science, defense planning, economics, engineering, health systems, medicine, neuroscience, physics, political science, psychology, public policy and sociology. In brief, the volume discusses: Cutting-edge challenges and opportunities in modeling for social and behavioral science Special requirements for achieving high standards of privacy and ethics New approaches for developing theory while exploiting both empirical and computational data Issues of reproducibility, communication, explanation, and validation Special requirements for models intended to inform decision making about complex social systems
Organizations are complex entities that must adapt the practices of their employees and management to meet the demands of a dynamic environment. Organizations are behavioral systems that coordinate interactions among its members and environment. Changing practices in one area of an organization can generate a reaction throughout the entire system, thus affecting the behaviors of those working within other areas, the experience of customers, and important organizational results. Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA) focuses on these complex contingencies from the macro system all the way down to individual behavior. This book contains articles by internationally recognized experts in Behavioral Systems Analysis who discuss the role of organizational practices in their study of performance improvement and cultural change from both practical and conceptual perspectives. Business and non-profit managers will find tools and case studies to help understand and diagnose their organization’s dynamics. Scholars will appreciate articles’ theory and real-world descriptions when considering their own research direction. Finally, all students of management theory, behavior analysis, and human resources will find this collection a thought-provoking tool for their understanding of behavioral systems and their application in organizations. This book was published as a special issue in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management.
Here is a compelling assessment of the processes of organizational change from a general systems and behavioral scientific perspective, including a system of change that can be implemented to help organizations succeed.
This volume describes frontiers in social-behavioral modeling for contexts as diverse as national security, health, and on-line social gaming. Recent scientific and technological advances have created exciting opportunities for such improvements. However, the book also identifies crucial scientific, ethical, and cultural challenges to be met if social-behavioral modeling is to achieve its potential. Doing so will require new methods, data sources, and technology. The volume discusses these, including those needed to achieve and maintain high standards of ethics and privacy. The result should be a new generation of modeling that will advance science and, separately, aid decision-making on major social and security-related subjects despite the myriad uncertainties and complexities of social phenomena. Intended to be relatively comprehensive in scope, the volume balances theory-driven, data-driven, and hybrid approaches. The latter may be rapidly iterative, as when artificial-intelligence methods are coupled with theory-driven insights to build models that are sound, comprehensible and usable in new situations. With the intent of being a milestone document that sketches a research agenda for the next decade, the volume draws on the wisdom, ideas and suggestions of many noted researchers who draw in turn from anthropology, communications, complexity science, computer science, defense planning, economics, engineering, health systems, medicine, neuroscience, physics, political science, psychology, public policy and sociology. In brief, the volume discusses: Cutting-edge challenges and opportunities in modeling for social and behavioral science Special requirements for achieving high standards of privacy and ethics New approaches for developing theory while exploiting both empirical and computational data Issues of reproducibility, communication, explanation, and validation Special requirements for models intended to inform decision making about complex social systems
Although its roots can be traced to the 19th century, progress in the study of nonlinear dynamical systems has taken off in the last 30 years. While pertinent source material exists, it is strewn about the literature in mathematics, physics, biology, economics, and psychology at varying levels of accessibility. A compendium research methods reflect
The Behavioral Approach for systems and control deals directly with the solution of the differential equations which represent the system. This book reviews this approach and offers new theoretic results. The programs and algorithms are MATLAB based.
Today%u2019s school-wide Positive Behavioral Support approaches are more specific, integrated, effective, and comprehensive than ever before. This Electronic Book (E-Book) describes the components and specific elements of Project ACHIEVE%u2019s evidence-based Positive Behavioral Self-Management System (PBSS) that (a) addresses the prevention, intervention, and intensive needs of challenging students, and (b) is fully consistent with NCLB and IDEA. Project ACHIEVE is a national award winning school improvement program that has been designated as an evidence-based through two federal agencies%u2014for example, the Department of Health & Human Service%u2019s Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). This E-Book first describes Project ACHIEVE%u2019s PBSS at the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels, focusing on the following areas: (a) teaching children and adolescents functional self-management skills, using the Stop & Think Social Skills Program, such that they master and demonstrate interpersonal, problem-solving, and conflict resolution skills as well as independent learning and academic engagement skills; (b) teaching teachers the instructional self-management skills that they need to run positive, effective classrooms that consistently hold students accountable for their behavior, and that result in student learning and behavioral growth; and (c) teaching school staff organizational self-management skills so that they develop the systemic approaches needed for identifying resources and building capacity to independently sustain successful building-wide services for the prevention, strategic intervention, and intensive support needs of all students. The six critical components that make up the PBSS then are presented in detail: (a) the Stop & Think Social Skills Program; (b) the development of grade-level and building-wide accountability systems; (c) how to increase staff and student consistency; (d) the analysis of %u201Cspecial situations%u201D-- behavioral situations that occur in the common areas of a school and/or that involve peer-mediated teasing, taunting, bullying, harassment, and physical aggression; (e) crisis prevention, intervention, and response; and (f) the importance of home and community outreach. Finally, the E-Book focuses specifically %u201CSpecial Situations%u201D and %u201CSpecial Situation Analyses.%u201D There are two types of %u201CSpecial Situations%u201D%u2014Setting-specific and Student- or Peer-specific. The Setting-specific Special Situations involve the common or %u201Cpublic%u201D areas of a school: the hallways, bathrooms, cafeteria, playground, media center/library, buses, and other school gathering places. The Student- or Peer-specific Special Situations involve the continuum from teasing to taunting to bullying to harassment to physical aggression or fighting. Clearly, these %u201Csetting%u201D and %u201Cstudent%u201D situations are critical to a PBSS as they can (positively) contribute to a school%u2019s positive climate, or they can (negatively) interfere with the classroom climate, making it more difficult for students to be completely engaged and focused on academic achievement. In order to develop strategic interventions for these negative special situations, this E-Book describes how to conduct a %u201CSpecial Situations Analysis%u201D%u2014a systematic data-based problem-solving process that links Problem Identification to Functional Assessment/Problem Analysis to Intervention and to Formative and Summative Evaluations. The Functional Assessment/Problem Analysis domains discussed will include: (a) Student Characteristics, Issues, and Factors; (b) Teacher/Staff Characteristics, Issues, and Factors; (c) Environmental Characteristics, Issues, and Factors-- Physical Plant and Logistics; (d) Incentives and Consequences; and (e) Resources. For Student-specific Special Situations, the Peer Group is added to the analysis. In the end, this E-Book describes a functional, effective, and comprehensive school-wide system that maximizes students%u2019 academic achievement, creates safe school environments and positive school climates, increases and sustains effective classroom instruction and parent involvement, and collects data to demonstrate student and building outcomes. This E-Book describes the necessary components of a PBSS, and provides an in-depth and practical, step-by-step approach to the Special Situation Analysis, demonstrating its explicit link with the strategic interventions that help schools to decrease or eliminate these issues%u2014thus, increasing their positive and productive school climates and classroom settings.