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Four reinforced and two unreinforced concrete spheres of 32.00-inch outside diameter (OD) and 2.71-inch wall thickness (t) were tested under hydrostatic loading to determine the effect of embedded steel reinforcement on structural behavior. Test results show that the reinforced spheres (0.44 or 1.10% steel by area) failed by implosion at values for the ratio of implosion pressure to concrete strength that were on the average 5% lower than for the unreinforced spheres of the same size. In addition, the reinforced spheres developed cracks in-the-plane-of-the-wall at the inner surface of the reinforcement cage prior to implosion. Implosion results for the unreinforced spheres are 10% lower than predicted by an empirical equation developed from previous tests of unreinforced 16-inch OD spheres. These results provide initial insight into the behavior of hydrostatically loaded steel bar reinforced concrete spheres and indicate that additional test data is required before definitive design guides can be developed.
"This book grows out of a conference entitled 'Concrete Ships and Vessels,' held on the University of California Berkeley campus September 15-19, 1975, and presented by Continuing Education in Engineering, University Extension, and the College of Engineering. The material published here goes beyond the proceedings of the conference, and includes additional papers that were presented. The need for this book is clear, containing as it does the latest views and data for the construction and classification of concrete vessels. Professor Ben C. Gerwick, Jr. one of the organizers of the conference, graciously agreed to act as editor and has worked closely with University Extension in the publication process. Continuing Education in Engineering offers many such conferences during the course of a year, each bringing together the best in the field to exchange information and develop new directions for application and research. This conference was in that tradition and I believe this book to be a genuine contribution to the continuing progress of concrete technology in its maritime uses. Raymond C. Grassi, Chairman, Continuing Education in Engineering, University Extension, University of California, Berkeley."--Foreword.