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Although they are labeled "not for human consumption," bath salts and other synthetic drugs are the latest craze for getting high--and they have already proved to be dangerous and unpredictable. Through objective overviews, primary sources, and full color illustrations this title examines How Serious a Problem Is Synthetic Drug Abuse? What Are the Dangers of Synthetic Drugs? How Should Synthetic Drugs Be Regulated? and How Can Synthetic Drug Abuse Be Prevented?
The National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) assesses with high confidence that the distribution and abuse of synthetic cathinones will increase in the United States in the near term, posing yet another challenge to U.S. law enforcement officials. Poison control centers and medical professionals around the country are increasingly reporting patients suffering adverse physical effects associated with abuse of these drugs, further compounding the problem. Available data and law enforcement reporting suggest increasing levels of synthetic cathinone availability and abuse, but such information is limited and precise levels are unknown. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) currently tracks seizures of synthetic cathinones at U.S. ports of entry (POEs), but many synthetic cathinone products are disguised or mislabeled to impede detection. Because common field test kits, drug-detecting canines, and routine urine drug screens do not detect synthetic cathinones, law enforcement officials are challenged in interdicting such drugs and prosecuting their manufacturers and distributors. Synthetic cathinones, typically marketed as "bath salts" and "plant food," are sold legally under various names (Ivory Wave, Blizzard, etc.) in most areas of the United States. The products are generally sold in retail establishments such as adult stores, independently owned convenience stores, gas stations, head shops, and skateboard shops. The products, as well as their raw chemical components, are also sold on many Internet sites, including popular Internet auction sites. Additionally, synthetic cathinones have been sold by independent dealers as ecstasya-in powdered form, in single-component tablets and capsules, and in tablets and capsules containing cathinones combined with MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or other illicit controlled substances. Abusers typically ingest, inhale, inject, smoke, or snort (insufflate) the drugs to experience stimulant effects similar to those induced by amphetamine. Manufacturers and distributors of synthetic cathinone products evade U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulation and enforcement because synthetic cathinones are not scheduled under the Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, possession and distribution of the synthetic cathinones may be prosecuted, albeit with greater difficulty, under the Federal Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (as amended)b of the CSA. The availability and suitability of a prosecution under the analogue statute depends on the particular compound being trafficked and the facts of the case. Further, distributors deceptively market synthetic cathinone products as "not for human consumption" to evade U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scrutiny. Cathinone products that are introduced into interstate commerce and promoted as alternatives to illicit street drugs may be prosecutable under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as unapproved new drugs and misbranded drugs. (See the offenses at 21 U.S.C. 331(a), (d) and penalties at 21 U.S.C. 333.)1 Additionally, members of the Congress have introduced legislation to nationally ban the sale of certain synthetic cathinones, c and, as of April 2011, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have introduced or announced plans to introduce legislation banning or restricting the distribution and possession of certain synthetic cathinones and cathinone derivatives. As synthetic cathinones become more regulated, abusers will likely use the Internet with greater frequency to purchase cathinone products, the raw chemicals used in their production, and products that contain cathinones not specifically prohibited by enacted legislation.
The National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) has prepared these important dangerous drug alerts about unique and serious threats: Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts), Mephedrone, Synthetic Cannabinoids, Purple Drank, Synthetic Hallucinogen 2C-E, Oxymorphone Abuse, Opium Tea, Salvia Divinorum. Synthetic cathinones, typically marketed as "bath salts" and "plant food," are sold legally under various names (Ivory Wave, Blizzard, etc.) in most areas of the United States. The products are generally sold in retail establishments such as adult stores, independently owned convenience stores, gas stations, head shops, and skateboard shops. The products, as well as their raw chemical components, are also sold on many Internet sites, including popular Internet auction sites. Additionally, synthetic cathinones have been sold by independent dealers as ecstasy a-in powdered form, in single-component tablets and capsules, and in tablets and capsules containing cathinones combined with MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or other illicit controlled substances. Abusers typically ingest, inhale, inject, smoke, or snort (insufflate) the drugs to experience stimulant effects similar to those induced by amphetamine. Manufacturers and distributors of synthetic cathinone products evade U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulation and enforcement because synthetic cathinones are not scheduled under the Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, possession and distribution of the synthetic cathinones may be prosecuted, albeit with greater difficulty, under the Federal Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (as amended)b of the CSA. The availability and suitability of a prosecution under the analogue statute depends on the particular compound being trafficked and the facts of the case. Further, distributors deceptively market synthetic cathinone products as "not for human consumption" to evade U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scrutiny. Cathinone products that are introduced into interstate commerce and promoted as alternatives to illicit street drugs may be prosecutable under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as unapproved new drugs and misbranded drugs. (See the offenses at 21 U.S.C. 331(a), (d) and penalties at 21 U.S.C. 333.)1 Additionally, members of the Congress have introduced legislation to nationally ban the sale of certain synthetic cathinones, c and, as of April 2011, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have introduced or announced plans to introduce legislation banning or restricting the distribution and possession of certain synthetic cathinones and cathinone derivatives. As synthetic cathinones become more regulated, abusers will likely use the Internet with greater frequency to purchase cathinone products, the raw chemicals used in their production, and products that contain cathinones not specifically prohibited by enacted legislation. The illicit trafficking and abuse of drugs present a challenging, dynamic threat to the United States. Overall demand is rising, largely supplied by illicit drugs smuggled to U.S. markets by major transnational criminal organizations (TCOs). Changing conditions continue to alter patterns in drug production, trafficking, and abuse. Traffickers are responding to government counterdrug efforts by modifying their interrelationships, altering drug production levels, and adjusting their trafficking routes and methods. Major Mexican-based TCOs continue to solidify their dominance over the wholesale illicit drug trade as they control the movement of most of the foreign-produced drug supply across the U.S. Southwest Border.
Some young adults think new drugs like spice, bath salts, or salvia are safe. In some cases, they're even legal. But what many young adults don't know is that these drugs are just as dangerous, if not more dangerous, than the illegal drugs that have been around for much longer. Some of these drugs are so new that no research has been done on how safe they are to take, so no one is even sure just how dangerous they really are. Discover the true risks of taking these new drugs. Read the scary real-life stories of people who've used these drugs and had to deal with awful consequences. Learn the downside of these new drugs!
Synthetic cathinones are central nervous system stimulants. Typically marketed as "bath salts" and "plant food," synthetic cathinones sold legally under various names (Ivory Wave, Blizzard, etc.) in most areas of the United States. The National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) assesses with high confidence that the distribution and abuse of synthetic cathinones will increase in the United States in the near term, posing yet another challenge to U.S. law enforcement officials.
Learn the basic facts behind the dangers of synthetic drugs, including bath salts, synthetic marijuana, and other emerging drugs, their chemistry and harmful effects, signs of addiction and dependence, addiction treatment options, prevention tools for parents, and much more.With synthetic drugs like bath salts and synthetic marijuana, as well as other emerging drugs, becoming increasingly available and harder to regulate, what are the basic facts we need to know? In this Get Smart Quick Guide, expert resources and information come together in an engaging and accessible e-book short. Topics include:What synthetic drugs are and why they’re so difficult for healthcare professionals and authorities to identify and regulateThe history of their use and abuseChanging cultural, social, and legal factorsDefinitions of use, abuse, and dependence, with information on prevention and advice for parentsHow the drugs work, including their health effects and what makes them so addictiveIntervention and effective treatment methodsRelapse prevention tools for recovering dependents and addicts
The use of designer drugs such as LSD, Ecstasy, and methamphetamines is unfortunately widespread among young adults, particularly in club or party settings. These drugs are especially risky because they are made in batches in individual home labs, so there is no way to tell how much of any dangerous substance was used in their creation. Readers learn the risks associated with using many of these designer drugs. The accessible text, complemented by full-color photographs and in-depth sidebars, gives them the facts they need to make safe choices.
Synthetic cathinones represent threatening and high abuse-potential designer drugs. These are analogs of cathinone (the b-keto analog of amphetamine (AMPH)) a naturally occurring stimulant found in the plant Catha Edulis. Methcathinone (MCAT) was the first synthetic analog of cathinone to be identified in 1987 by Glennon and co-workers and it exerted its action primarily through the dopamine transporter (DAT). Most central stimulants exert their action via monomaine transporters by causing either the release (e.g. cathinone analogs such as MCAT) or by preventing the reuptake (e.g. cocaine) of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) thus increasing the extracellular synaptosomal concentration of this neurotransmitter. In 2010, a new class of designer cathinone-like drugs called 'bath salts', initially a combination of methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone (methylenedioxymethcathione, MDMC) and mephedrone (MEPH), soared to popularity. It caused extremely detrimental side effects; it was exceedingly popular for its recreational use and posed a threat to public health. At the time, their mechanisms of action were unknown. Our group identified that MDPV produced actions distinct from other cathinone analogs (i.e., it was identified as the first cathinone-like compound to act as a reuptake inhibitor at the dopamine transporter (DAT)). These findings suggested that not all cathinone-like compounds act uniformly and this insinuated that unique structural features on the cathinone scaffold might contribute to different effects at the transporter level. The overall goal of this project was to study the mechanisms of action of synthetic cathinones (including 'bath salts') at the monoamine transporters. We investigated the contribution of each of various structural features on the cathinone scaffold (i.e, the terminal amine, a and b positions, and the phenyl ring). We also constructed homology models of the human dopamine and serotonin transporters (hDAT and hSERT respectively) to help explain differences in selectivity between the neurochemical and behavioral aspects of DAT and SERT. Overall we found that structural features contributed to similar or distinctive mechanisms of action and also contributed to selectivity at monoamine transporters. Our studies provide information that can be useful to drug and health regulatory agencies to help prevent, treat, or curb the future abuse of such drugs.
Often marketed as harmless incense, bath salts, or plant food, synthetic drugs are actually dangerous and unpredictable drugs. The Dangers of Synthetic Drugs discusses the scope of the problem; effects of use and abuse; addiction; treatment and recovery; and prevention.