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?Fluids that mix at geophysical or microscales tend to form well-mixed areas and regions of coherent blobs. The Antarctic circumpolar vortex, which mostly retains its structure while moving unsteadily in the atmosphere, is an example of a coherent structure. How do such structures exchange fluid with their surroundings? What is the impact on global mixing? What is the "boundary" of the structure, and how does it move? Can these questions be answered from time-varying observational data?? This book addresses these issues from the perspective of the differential equations that must be obeyed by fluid particles. In these terms, identification of the boundaries of coherent structures (i.e., "flow barriers"), quantification of transport across them, control of the locations of these barriers, and optimization of transport across them are developed using a rigorous mathematical framework. The concepts are illustrated with an array of theoretical and applied examples that arise from oceanography and microfluidics.? Barriers and Transport in Unsteady Flows: A Melnikov Approach?provides an extensive introduction and bibliography, specifically elucidating the difficulties arising when flows are unsteady and highlighting relevance in geophysics and microfluidics; careful and rigorous development of the mathematical theory of unsteady flow barriers within the context of nonautonomous stable and unstable manifolds, richly complemented with examples; and chapters on exciting new research in the control of flow barriers and the optimization of transport across them.
Transport barriers are observed inhibitors of the spread of substances in flows. The collection of such barriers offers a powerful geometric template that frames the main pathways, or lack thereof, in any transport process. This book surveys effective and mathematically grounded methods for defining, locating and leveraging transport barriers in numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, technological processes and nature. It provides a unified treatment of material developed over the past two decades, focusing on the methods that have a solid foundation and broad applicability to data sets beyond simple model flows. The intended audience ranges from advanced undergraduates to researchers in the areas of turbulence, geophysical flows, aerodynamics, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, flow visualization, computational mathematics and dynamical systems. Detailed open-source implementations of the numerical methods are provided in an accompanying collection of Jupyter notebooks linked from the electronic version of the book.
Fluids that mix at geophysical or microscales tend to form well-mixed areas and regions of coherent blobs. The Antarctic circumpolar vortex, which mostly retains its structure while moving unsteadily in the atmosphere, is an example of a coherent structure. How do such structures exchange fluid with their surroundings? What is the impact on global mixing? What is the "boundary" of the structure, and how does it move? Can these questions be answered from time-varying observational data? This book addresses these issues from the perspective of the differential equations that must be obeyed by fluid particles. In these terms, identification of the boundaries of coherent structures (i.e., "flow barriers"), quantification of transport across them, control of the locations of these barriers, and optimization of transport across them are developed using a rigorous mathematical framework. The concepts are illustrated with an array of theoretical and applied examples that arise from oceanography and microfluidics. Barriers and Transport in Unsteady Flows: A Melnikov Approach provides an extensive introduction and bibliography, specifically elucidating the difficulties arising when flows are unsteady and highlighting relevance in geophysics and microfluidics; careful and rigorous development of the mathematical theory of unsteady flow barriers within the context of nonautonomous stable and unstable manifolds, richly complemented with examples; and chapters on exciting new research in the control of flow barriers and the optimization of transport across them.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Dynamic Data-Driven Environmental Systems Science, DyDESS 2014, held in Cambridge, MA, USA, in November 2014.The 24 revised full papers and 7 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions and cover topics on sensing, imaging and retrieval for the oceans, atmosphere, space, land, earth and planets that is informed by the environmental context; algorithms for modeling and simulation, downscaling, model reduction, data assimilation, uncertainty quantification and statistical learning; methodologies for planning and control, sampling and adaptive observation, and efficient coupling of these algorithms into information-gathering and observing system designs; and applications of methodology to environmental estimation, analysis and prediction including climate, natural hazards, oceans, cryosphere, atmosphere, land, space, earth and planets.
This book addresses the measurement of environmental contaminants in water, air, and soil. It also presents modifications of and improvements to existing control technologies for remediation of environmental contaminants. It covers improved designs of wastewater systems and innovations in designing newer membranes for water treatment. In addition, it includes two separate sections on the modelling and control of different existing and emerging pollutants. It covers major topics such as: pharmaceutical wastes, paper and pulp waste, poly aromatic hydrocarbons, mining dust, bioaerosols, endosulphan, biomass combustion, and landfill design aspects. It also features chapters on environmental exposure and modelling of aerosol deposition within human lungs. The content of this book will be of interest to researchers, professionals, and policymakers whose work involves environmental contaminants and related solutions.
This book is comprised of selected research articles developed from a workshop on Ergodic Theory, Probabilistic Methods and Applications, held in April 2012 at the Banff International Research Station. It contains contributions from world leading experts in ergodic theory, numerical dynamical systems, molecular dynamics and ocean/atmosphere dynamics, nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The volume will serve as a valuable reference for mathematicians, physicists, engineers, biologists and climate scientists, who currently use, or wish to learn how to use, probabilistic techniques to cope with dynamical models that display open or non-equilibrium behavior.
The physical principles of swimming and flying in animals are intriguingly different from those of ships and airplanes. The study of animal locomotion therefore holds a special place not only at the frontiers of pure fluid dynamics research, but also in the applied field of biomimetics, which aims to emulate salient aspects of the performance and function of living organisms. For example, fluid dynamic loads are so significant for swimming fish that they are expected to have developed efficient flow control procedures through the evolutionary process of adaptation by natural selection, which might in turn be applied to the design of robotic swimmers. And yet, sharply contrasting views as to the energetic efficiency of oscillatory propulsion – especially for marine animals – demand a careful assessment of the forces and energy expended at realistic Reynolds numbers. For this and many other research questions, an experimental approach is often the most appropriate methodology. This holds as much for flying animals as it does for swimming ones, and similar experimental challenges apply – studying tethered as opposed to free locomotion, or studying the flow around robotic models as opposed to real animals. This book provides a wide-ranging snapshot of the state-of-the-art in experimental research on the physics of swimming and flying animals. The resulting picture reflects not only upon the questions that are of interest in current pure and applied research, but also upon the experimental techniques that are available to answer them.
One of the priority areas of ICSU (The International Council for Science) is “Natural and Human-Induced Environmental Hazards and Disasters”. The School — held at the Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Singapore from 20 April to 2 May 2009 — on which this volume is based on was sponsored by ICSU and by its members from IUTAM (the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics) and IUGG (the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics).This volume provides an indepth graduate-level introduction to the fluid dynamics and geophysics of hazards such as tropical cyclones, flooding, atmospheric pollution and tsunamis. It also includes discussion of the possible effects of climate change on these phenomena. Indeed, the current importance of this area is of great public concern.