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Prior to 2018, accounting rules required banks that recognize financial liabilities at fair value to record unrealized gains and losses on the liabilities attributable to changes in the banks' own credit risk, referred to as the debt valuation adjustment (DVA), in earnings each period. Using a comprehensive sample of publicly traded European banks during 2007-2015, we investigate the economic determinants of DVA and banks' exercise of discretion over DVA. We find that DVA exhibits the expected associations with economic factors, e.g., is positively associated with the change in banks' bond yield spread. We decompose DVA into normal and abnormal components and find that abnormal DVA is negatively associated with pre-managed earnings, controlling for banks' abnormal loan loss provisions and realized securities gains and losses, consistent with banks exercising discretion over DVA to smooth earnings. We further find that banks that record larger loan loss provisions or realized gains and losses and banks that have histories of using provisions or realized gains and losses to smooth earnings are less likely to exercise discretion over DVA to smooth earnings. These findings generally are consistent with banks using loan loss provisions, realized gains and losses, and DVA substitutably to smooth earnings. Lastly, we provide evidence that banks exercised discretion over DVA to smooth earnings during the recent financial crisis but not afterward. These findings have implications for how bank regulators and investors should interpret banks' reported DVA, and they support the decisions by the IASB and FASB to require firms to record DVA in other comprehensive income starting in 2018.
This paper shows that banks use accounting discretion to overstate the value of distressed assets. Banks' balance sheets overvalue real estate-related assets compared to the market value of these assets, especially during the U.S. mortgage crisis. Share prices of banks with large exposure to mortgage-backed securities also react favorably to recent changes in accounting rules that relax fair-value accounting, and these banks provision less for bad loans. Furthermore, distressed banks use discretion in the classification of mortgage-backed securities to inflate their books. Our results indicate that banks' balance sheets offer a distorted view of the financial health of the banks.
In this paper, we provide an overview of the concerns surrounding the variations in the calculation of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) across banks and jurisdictions and how this might undermine the Basel III capital adequacy framework. We discuss the key drivers behind the differences in these calculations, drawing upon a sample of systemically important banks from Europe, North America, and Asia Pacific. We then discuss a range of policy options that could be explored to fix the actual and perceived problems with RWAs, and improve the use of risk-sensitive capital ratios.
Financial statements of major money-center commercial banks increasingly include reference to a credit valuation adjustment (CVA), debit (or debt) valuation adjustment (DVA), and funding valuation adjustment (FVA). This article explains the concepts behind CVA, DVA, and FVA using examples of interest rate swap valuation. A binomial forward rate tree model is used to get the value of the swap assuming no default. The CVA (the credit risk of the counterparty) and the DVA (the credit risk of the entity itself) depend on assumptions about the probability of default, the recovery rate and the expected exposure, which depends of projected values and settlement payments for the swap. The FVA arises when an uncollateralized swap is hedged with a collateralized or centrally cleared contract. In this version of the paper, two methods to calculate FVA are shown, both using the same assumptions about the credit risk parameters for the bank.
Financial Reporting for Financial Instruments develops the foundational knowledge related to financial instruments and the markets in which they trade, financial institutions and their internal decision-making and external circumstances, and currently required and credible alternative financial reporting for financial instruments. It provides an introduction to fundamental issues in financial reporting for financial instruments that is accessible to readers who do not have extensive prior knowledge of structured finance transactions and of the accounting for those transactions.
Credit risk models invariably are mathematical, and can be dauntingly so. Nevertheless, an understanding of the impact of credit risk on the valuation of debt securities and derivatives is essential to investment analysis and risk management. The financial crisis that started in 2007 exposed the importance of counterparty credit risk; nowadays, CVA and DVA-credit valuation and debit (or debt) valuation adjustments, respectively-are part of the vocabulary of risk analysis in the "post-Lehman" world. This tutorial introduces the key parameters that drive CVA and DVA (the expected exposure to default loss, the probability of default, and the recovery rate) and demonstrates the impact of changes in credit risk on values of various types of debt securities and interest rate derivatives in a simplified format using diagrams and tables, albeit with some mathematics.
This book is an authoritative guide to the accounting and disclosure rules for financial institutions and instruments. It provides guidance from a “fair value” perspective and demonstrates the simplest and most natural measurement basis for reporting financial instruments, as is relevant for thrifts, mortgage banks, commercial banks, and property-casualty and life insurers.
Countries implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for loan loss provisioning by banks have been guided by two different approaches: International Accounting Standards (IAS) 39 and Basel standards. This paper discusses the different accounting and regulatory approaches in loan loss provisioning, and the challenges supervisors face when there are different perspectives and lack of guidance from IFRS. It suggests actions that supervisors can take to help banks meet regulatory and capital requirements and, at the same time, comply with accounting principles.
A classic book on credit risk management is updated to reflect the current economic crisis Credit Risk Management In and Out of the Financial Crisis dissects the 2007-2008 credit crisis and provides solutions for professionals looking to better manage risk through modeling and new technology. This book is a complete update to Credit Risk Measurement: New Approaches to Value at Risk and Other Paradigms, reflecting events stemming from the recent credit crisis. Authors Anthony Saunders and Linda Allen address everything from the implications of new regulations to how the new rules will change everyday activity in the finance industry. They also provide techniques for modeling-credit scoring, structural, and reduced form models-while offering sound advice for stress testing credit risk models and when to accept or reject loans. Breaks down the latest credit risk measurement and modeling techniques and simplifies many of the technical and analytical details surrounding them Concentrates on the underlying economics to objectively evaluate new models Includes new chapters on how to prevent another crisis from occurring Understanding credit risk measurement is now more important than ever. Credit Risk Management In and Out of the Financial Crisis will solidify your knowledge of this dynamic discipline.