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This work evaluates existing bank merger policy and offers workable proposals for new legislative actions that would enhance the benefits of bank mergers without exacerbating the weaknesses. The authors review the historical role of governments in protecting banks from competition.
This paper discusses the efficiency and performance of small banks relative to financial supermarkets or conglomerates. It examines the likelihood of small banks surviving in a deregulated environment and whether a major merger movement in banking is necessary to avoid widespread bank failures.
Historians of our financial system will record this as an age of deregulation and bank mergers. Deregulation, a cornerstone of President Reagan's Administration, resulted in federal and state legislation that contributed to increased competition for financial services and increased merger activity. During the 1981-1986 period, there were 2,139 mergers in banking and finance, accounting for 16 percent of total merger activity.l More mergers occurred in banking and finance than in any other industry. Because of these bank mergers, there are vast amounts of data avail able for scholarly research. This book presents some results of that research which will be of interest to academics, bankers, investors, legislators, and regulators. The book consists of ten articles, and it is divided into three parts. Part 1: National and Regional Bank Mergers gives a broad perspective of merger activity. The first article by Peter S. Rose compared the growth of bank holding companies that merged with those that did not merge. One conclusion of his study was that banks planning mergers tended to be aggressively managed and were often beset by problems, such as low profitability or declining loan quality. Mergers were one solution to their problems. But he found no solid evidence that mergers resulted in greater profitability or reduced risk. He also observed that acquiring banks did not seem to grow faster than those choosing not to merge.
We examine a sample of 443 bank mergers between publicly traded banks announced during the 1990s to investigate empirically the role of full interstate banking deregulation. The pre-deregulation 1990s are characterized by value creation, with mergers involving a high degree of branch overlap experiencing significant announcement gains. Bank mergers in the post-deregulation 1990s, however, fail to create value and mergers with a high degree of branch overlap actually experience significant losses. Consistent with prior research, these valuation consequences are magnified for large bank mergers in the 1990s. Overall, our results are consistent with the broader literature on corporate control, suggesting an economic shock can materially alter industry structure and the economic rationale for the efficient reallocation of assets through merger activity.
This book discusses banking, insurance, and securities regulation, as well as issues in consumer finance and electronic commerce. In a new era of deregulation, the US banking system is undergoing dramatic consolidation. The authors use detailed case studies to determine the motivation for bank mergers, assess the advertised gains in efficiency and services, and resolve inconsistencies between econometric studies and comparisons of performance in different US states and different countries. As merger activity intensifies, the volume explains both the acceleration of merger activity and the rationales for recent megamergers. The authors also explore the link between consolidation and global competitiveness and dissect client-based universal banking.
The thorough analyses presented in the book provide the reader with a good overview of the deregulation process in the respective industries. . . Competition Policy and Merger Analysis in Deregulated and Newly Competitive Industries is a valuable resource for researchers of law, economics, and political science. . . Volker Soyez, European Competition Law Review This comprehensive book contains case studies on the evolution of competition policy, with an emphasis on merger policy, for seven major US industries that have experienced substantial deregulation in the past forty years electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, railroads, airlines, hospitals and banking. Also included is a comparison of the EU s experience in attempting to bring about competition in the energy, finance, and airline industries. The contributors to the volume, each a recognized expert on the industry examined, explore the positive and negative implications of the substitution of market-oriented processes for historic patterns of command and control regulation. The chapters reveal clear similarities in the economic, legal and public policy issues that have arisen following deregulation of these economic sectors. Together they provide a good basis to discern the consistency of the problems and the relative success of differing responses to these issues over a range of industries going through similar transformation. While taking a basically positive view of the movement away from direct regulation, the contributors identify a number of continuing problems with achieving workable competition in these industries. The thorough analyses presented here will be of great value to law, economics, and political science researchers interested in deregulation, economic consultants advising government agencies or private parties, attorneys who focus on deregulated industries, policy planners at the agencies overseeing these industries, and students in advanced seminars on economic regulation.