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Leakage occurs when partial regulation of consumer products results in increased consumption of these products in unregulated domains. This article quantifies plastic leakage from the banning of plastic carryout bags. Using quasi-random policy variation in California, I find the elimination of 40 million pounds of plastic carryout bags is offset by a 12 million pound increase in trash bag purchases--with small, medium, and tall trash bag sales increasing by 120%, 64%, and 6%, respectively. The results further reveal 12-22% of plastic carryout bags were reused as trash bags pre-regulation and show bag bans shift consumers towards fewer but heavier bags. With a substantial proportion of carryout bags already reused in a way that avoided the manufacture and purchase of another plastic bag, policy evaluations that ignore leakage effects overstate the regulation's welfare gains.
Special edition of the Federal Register, containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect ... with ancillaries.
Special edition of the Federal Register, containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect as of July 1 ... with ancillaries.
The Code of Federal Regulations is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government.
Our Plastic Problem and How to Solve It considers plastic's harms and offers a spectrum of public and private solutions.
This part of YY/T 0506 specifies the special requirements for surgical drapes, surgical gowns and clean air suits for patients, medical staff and equipment. This part is applicable to surgical drapes, surgical gowns and clean air suits that require high levels of cleanliness and need to cover the entire body of the patient.
GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS An essential reference guide to gas-insulated substations The second edition of Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is an all-inclusive reference guide to gas insulated substations (GIS) and its advanced technologies. Updated to the latest technical developments and applications, the guide covers basic physics of gas insulated systems, SF6 insulating gas and its alternatives, safety aspects and factors to choose GIS. GIS technology, its modular structure, control and monitoring systems, testing, installation rules and guidelines for operation, specification, and maintenance. Detailed information on various types for GIS, with 14 reference project explanations and three extensive case studies give information for the best solutions of practical applications. Special solutions using mobile substations concepts, mixed technology switchgear (MTS) with air and gas insulated technology, underground substations, and the use of special GIS substation buildings e.g., shopping centers, parking lots, city parks, business complexes’ or subway stations are explained. Future developments of GIS technology are shown for the next steps in alternatives to SF6, low power instrument transformers, and digitalization of substations. A new chapter explains advanced technologies applied to GIS projects which cover the following; environmental issues for the substation permission process, insulation coordination studies for the network requirements including very fast transients, project scope development, risk-based asset management, health and safety impact, electromagnetic fields, SF6 decomposition byproducts and condition assessment. Disruptive development steps in gas insulated substations technologies are also covered in this second edition. Vacuum breaking and switching technology for rated voltages of up to 500 kV is explained in detail with its physical background. Principle function and possible implementation of low power instrument transformers (LPIT) are explained and examples of applications are given. The principles of digital twin for gas insulated substations (GIS) and gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) are explained in theory and project applications show the practical use and advantage. The wide and fast-growing technical field of offshore GIS applications for AC and DC is explained on many examples and gives information on special requirements when getting offshore. Theoretical requirements on DC gas insulated systems, methods of testing, prototype installation tests, modular design features, and advantages in applications are given. Finally, impact and advantages of digital substations using GIS are explained. Key features: Written by leading GIS experts involved in development and project applications Discusses practical and theoretical aspects Detailed material of GIS for new and experienced GIS users, and project planners Invaluable guide to practicing electrical, mechanical and civil engineers as well as third- and fourth-year electric power engineering students
This text reviews the areas of colorectal surgery that are at the cutting edge of innovation, paradigm shift and controversy with regard to diagnosis, patient selection, treatment algorithm, and therapeutic approaches. From the impact of enhanced recovery protocols on traditional colorectal practices, to that of novel strategies merging endoscopic and surgical techniques, to recent paradigm shifts in the management of common colorectal disorders, this text provides readers with an update on current controversies and evolving treatment rationale in the management of common colorectal diseases. Current Common Dilemmas in Colorectal Surgery provides a guide for the current common dilemmas that caregivers encounter in their daily practice. It is of great utility to colorectal surgeons, surgical oncologists and general surgeons practicing colorectal surgery, senior residents in general surgery training or surgical oncology or colorectal fellowships, allied healthcare professionals involved in the care of patients with colorectal disease, pharma and biomedical technology industry with an interest in current care of patients with colorectal disease.