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In this book, Georgios Kardaras offers a global view of the contacts between the Byzantine Empire and the Avar Khaganate, emphasizing the reconstruction of these contacts after 626 (when, in contrast to archaeological evidence, written sources are very few) and the definition of the possible channels of communication between the two powers. The author scrutinizes the political and diplomatic framework, and critically examines issues such as mutual influence on material culture and on warfare, reaching the conclusion that significant contact between Byzantium and the Avars can be proved up until 775.
Lavishly illustrated, the book contains seventy five historical maps and colour plates which visualize the historical background of Hungary and introduces its early history to a broader readership. The early history of Hungarians is embedded into the history of Eurasia and special attention is given to the relationship of the Hungarians with the Khazars and the Bulghar-Turks. The first part deals with methods and sources which can be used for elucidating the ancient history of the Hungarians, relying on research into linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and natural history. The second part traces how the Hungarians came into the Carpathian Basin and answers such questions as: who are the Magyars, from where did they come and how did they conquer the land? It reconstructs and examines their early political and social structure, the economy, and religion, and compares the Hungarian medieval process with the ethnogenetic processes of the Germanic, Slavic and Turkic people.
Volume II of The Cambridge History of War covers what in Europe is commonly called 'the Middle Ages'. It includes all of the well-known themes of European warfare, from the migrations of the Germanic peoples and the Vikings through the Reconquista, the Crusades and the age of chivalry, to the development of state-controlled gunpowder-wielding armies and the urban militias of the later middle ages; yet its scope is world-wide, ranging across Eurasia and the Americas to trace the interregional connections formed by the great Arab conquests and the expansion of Islam, the migrations of horse nomads such as the Avars and the Turks, the formation of the vast Mongol Empire, and the spread of new technologies – including gunpowder and the earliest firearms – by land and sea.
This is the first edition of this book, for the second edition see ISBN-13: 978-1484822753 Do you think you know where Hungarians came from? Odds are what you were told was based on myths or politics, and almost no science. Hungarian origins prior to the 9th century has been embroiled between eastern and western views of where each thinks Hungarian origins may be found. The prevailing view is that Hungarian (or Magyar) origins are to be found east of the Ural Mountains as part of an east to west migration of Uralic speakers. In 2000 a genetic marker was found that proved beyond any doubt that Hungarians were never part of this Uralic migration. In fact they have had no contact with other Uralic speakers for at least 4,000 years. This book explores how views of Hungarian origins reached the state of ignorance that it is today and then examines where the available evidence puts the Magyars origins. For the first time ever evidence is provided that combines the prevailing theories of the west and the east. Hungarian is shown to be an Uralic language as linguists have stated for 150 years and at the same time the Hungarian legends that say Hungarians originated near Persia are also proven to be correct. DNA evidence is examined to determine the physical origins of the Hungarian people as farmers in the Hindu Kush region. The myths that have evolved regarding Hungarian origins are traced back to their origins. Hungarian pre-Christian religious practices are also examined. Finally, not just Hungarian but all Uralic languages are shown to be a form of spoken Sanskrit "slang," based not on word inheritance but on the observational qualities of the object. For example, the Hungarian word for shovel, 'kanal', is derived from the Sanskrit word meaning to dig, 'khana, ' and the Hungarian word for hoe, 'kapa', is from the Sanskrit word for a cavity or hole, 'kupa'. A language law is presented that governs how Sanskrit words were adopted into Hungarian. Even the origins of the word 'Magyar' itself are presented.
Published in 1999, Professor C.A. Macartney was one of the foremost 20th-century authorities on the history of the Danube basin. His life’s work included the re-examination of the sources relating to early Hungarian and Pontic history. This selection of his studies (some of them hardly accessible because they were published in wartime conditions) illuminates one of the dark corners of medieval Europe and tackles controversial questions in the history of the nomadic steppe peoples, such as the Magyars, Pechenegs, Kavars and Cumans. Macartney’s treatment of the earliest Hungarian written sources and their interpretation laid the foundation for his shorter book, The Medieval Hungarian Historians. The present volume brings together for the first time, and indexes, his series of detailed studies on this material; penetrating in both its analysis and scholarship, this work remains indispensable for our understanding of the period and its historiography.