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Austria Supreme (if it so wishes) (1684) provides a translation of and a scholarly introduction to the Austrian-German Mercantilist classic Oesterreich über Alles Wann es Nur Will (1684) by Philipp Wilhelm von Hörnigk. Published a few months after the unsuccessful 1683 siege of Vienna by the Turks, a turning point in European history, the book stayed in print for more than 100 years. This was the most widely read German language economic textbook of the period, containing, in a nutshell, the essential ingredients of economic strategy that would make Austria and Europe grow rich and eventually overtake the rest of the world as the first world region that experienced an industrial revolution. In Oesterreich über Alles Wann es Nur Will Hörnigk updates and redefines the Mercantilist political economy – a strategy for achieving national wealth and political strength simultaneously by building up a competitive domestic manufacturing industry with the help of the state. Austria Supreme (if it so wishes) (1684) is the first-ever English translation of a work whose importance for European economic development and the ‘European Miracle’ cannot be overestimated.
Between its first date of publication in 1684 and 1784 classic 'Oesterreich über Alles Wann es Nur Will' went through more than twenty known editions which makes it, arguably, Europe's most successful 'economics textbook' prior to Adam Smith's 'Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations' (1776). Philipp Wilhelm von Hörnigk laid in this book the foundations of what has become known as the 'mercantilist' political economy - a strategy for achieving national wealth and political strength simultaneously by building up a competitive domestic manufacturing industry with the help of the state. Hörnigk advocated standard recipes known from modern development economics, such as import substitution, protective tariffs on select goods as well as bounties and other financial as also logistic support by a proactive interventionist state in order to safeguard and nurture domestic industries that were in a state of infancy but which would be promising candidates for future growth and economies of scale. As new work by Erik Reinert and Lars Magnusson has shown, contrary to a sort of mainstream view in modern economics and economic history, it was such policies that tended to make European countries rich in the pre-industrial age, also laying the basic foundations for subsequent industrialization - even the 'Great Divergence' between Europe and Asia post 1800. Most European states were interventionist during the nineteenth century. They obviously drew upon a menu of recipes and political economy schedules that had circulated widely in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and which would subsequently also influence the major works by Friedrich List, Daniel Raymond and other nineteenth-century development theorists. Based on Hörnigk's popularity and the publication pattern for the book, the 'Hörnigk' strategy stood at the core of many a treatise and book written on economic matters in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe; in fact Hörnigk may be called the forefather of modern development economics. He certainly was a towering figure in the 'Germanic' economic discourses of the early modern period. 'Austria Supreme, if It So Wishes (1684)' will be the first-ever English translation of a work the importance of which for European economic development and the 'European Miracle' cannot be overestimated.
As the world grapples with increased globalization and technological change, Friedrich List’s work appears more relevant than ever before. His theory of "productive powers" and his argument for protecting infant industries give us a valuable way of looking at innovation systems, winners and losers in international trade, and the current shift towards economic and political nationalism. Comprising fifteen specially commissioned chapters from a range of international scholars, this book explores many aspects of List’s economic thought, including industrial development, political economy, the economics of education, infrastructure and catching-up processes in Asian economies. This volume will be illuminating reading for advanced students and researchers in the history of economic thought, economic history, economic policy and international trade.
Covering times, places and topics that have often been overlooked in the existing economic history literature, this collection charts the most comprehensive chronology of capitalism to date.
The European Union is the world's largest economic entity, with half a billion people and a gross domestic product slightly larger than the United States. It is the largest exporter, the largest foreign aid donor, the largest source of foreign investment, and a magnet for migrants. But its decision-making powers are often fragmented and ineffective. To date there has been no comprehensive study of European international economic relations. This book fills that gap. It examines the main areas of Europe's foreign economic policy: trade, development, external competition policy, migration, and external energy/environment policy. This book explains why it is time for the EU to wake up to its global responsibilities, and why, in the absence of reform of its governance system, Europe risks remaining a fragmented power.
REDD+ must be transformational. REDD+ requires broad institutional and governance reforms, such as tenure, decentralisation, and corruption control. These reforms will enable departures from business as usual, and involve communities and forest users in making and implementing policies that a ect them. Policies must go beyond forestry. REDD+ strategies must include policies outside the forestry sector narrowly de ned, such as agriculture and energy, and better coordinate across sectors to deal with non-forest drivers of deforestation and degradation. Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms. We must learn from the past. Many approaches to REDD+ now being considered are similar to previous e orts to conserve and better manage forests, often with limited success. Taking on board lessons learned from past experience will improve the prospects of REDD+ e ectiveness. National circumstances and uncertainty must be factored in. Di erent country contexts will create a variety of REDD+ models with di erent institutional and policy mixes. Uncertainties about the shape of the future global REDD+ system, national readiness and political consensus require  exibility and a phased approach to REDD+ implementation.
New Narrative for Europe is an initiative designed to connect the general public with the European integration project via the arts and sciences. Central to the project is the need to provide a new narrative for European integration, one that goes beyond the principle of ensuring peace through economic and political integration by mobilising a 'European' spirit formed of shared values and experiences, ready for the 21st Century. In doing so, it aims to demonstrate the ways in which the European Union can empower its citizens, while identifying the common cultural values that unite them across its borders. New Narrative for Europe provides a platform in which cultural practitioners in the broadest sense shared their views on and for the development of a European social imaginary and public space for debate, both of which are essential for fostering solidarity and the democratic process. They are enshrined as such in the document that emerged from this initiative, the Declaration The Mind and Body of Europe, a document reproduced and much discussed in this publication.--
This official government publication investigates the impact of the Holocaust on the Western powers' intelligence-gathering community. It explains the archival organization of wartime records accumulated by the U.S. Army's Signal Intelligence Service and Britain's Government Code and Cypher School. It also summarizes Holocaust-related information intercepted during the war years.