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A study was conducted to assess the effects of generational status on various measures of stigmatization, acculturative stress, and perceived social and interpersonal threat within the Mexican heritage population in the Southwest. The role of the fear of stigma by association, regardless of actual experiences of stigmatization, was investigated, including its relationships with acculturative stress, perceived threat, and social distancing. Exploratory analyses indicated that first generation Mexican Americans differed significantly from second generation Mexican Americans on the perception of Mexican nationals as ingroup members, the fear of stigma by association by Americans, and levels of acculturative stress. Additional analyses indicated that Mexican Americans with one parent born in Mexico and one in the United States held opinions and attitudes most similar to second generation Mexican Americans. Results from path analyses indicated that first-generation Mexican Americans were more likely than second-generation Mexican Americans to both see Mexican nationals as ingroup members and to be afraid of being stigmatized for their perceived association with them. Further, seeing Mexican nationals as in-group members resulted in less social distancing and lower perceived threat, but fear of stigma by association lead to greater perceived threat and greater acculturative stress. Implications for within- and between-group relations and research on stigma by association are discussed.
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The proposed study examines the relationship between discrimination and depression among Mexican and Mexican-American participants of the National Epidemiological Survey (NESARC). The NESARC is a longitudinal survey of a national probability sample of the non-institutionalized population of the United States. The NESARC was conducted in two waves from 2001 to 2005. NESARC data was collected through computer assisted face-to-face interviews, using the AUDADIS IV. This dissertation uses only on Wave 2 data because the six scales examining discrimination were not added to the NESARC until the second wave. The discrimination scales gather data on discriminatory experiences related to being Hispanic, weight, gender, physical disability, religion, and sexual orientation. Analyses do not include discrimination due to physical disability and discrimination due to sexual orientation because of low response rates within these two variables. A Discrimination Summative Index created in this dissertation from the four discrimination sub-scales (discrimination due to: being Hispanic, gender, religion and weight) measures the cumulative impact of discrimination on depression. The analyses also examine the influence of contextual variables such as age, income, nativity, and race/ethnic identification. Logistic Regressions consistently indicate a relationship between discrimination and higher rates of depression. Results suggest that various contextual factors mediate the relationship between discrimination and depression. Although findings do not support a direct relationship between discrimination strategy and depression rates, discrimination strategies identified as internalizing were associated with many of the contextual variables that contribute to both discrimination and depression. Findings suggest that the sample differs by sub-groups (Mexican, Mexican American or Chicano) on multiple key variables. These findings suggest that even within a population thought to share a similar background, multiple differences persist. This is particularly relevant when studying the Hispanic population, which encompasses a wide diversity of ethnic origins.