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This innovative book looks at popular perceptions of sexual violence and asks such key questions as: How is rape' defined? Who is responsible for sexual assault? How can rape be prevented? The author critically examines feminist and psychological theory and research on attitudes towards rape. Drawing on case studies, survey research, experiments, fieldwork and action-oriented research from Europe, North America and Asia, Ward combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to understanding sexual violence. She highlights the negative consequences for rape victims of biased and prejudicial perceptions of sexual violence, including those of legal, medical and helping professionals, and discusses the impact of these attitudes on victims' self-perceptions. The book concludes by suggesting strategies for changing ideas about sexual assault, including, for example, action-oriented research which is designed to raise consciousness and improve services for victims.
"York seeks to answer the question of the extent to which traditional beliefs about gender or gender roles are associated with increased levels of sexual assault and/or domestic violence. She also investigates the extent to which social capital serves as a protective factor with respect to the safety of women. The prevalence of traditional gender attitudes predicted rates of violence against women, specifically sexual assault and domestic violence, while social capital serves as a mitigating factor. In counties with less social capital and more traditional gender attitudes, there were substantial increases in sexual and physical assaults inflicted upon women by men. These findings confirm the theoretical literature on patriarchy and socialization into gender roles."--pub. desc.
Few studies have explored attitudes toward violence across a broad range of violence domains. This study builds on Velicer, Huckel, and Hansen's (1989) multidimensional model of Attitudes Toward Violence by investigating the underlying factor structure of attitudes toward violence across a broader range of violence domains. A self-report questionnaire comprising items from established measures of attitudes toward violence across a wide range of violence domains and aggression, as well as measures of personality, social worldviews, values and ideological attitudes was completed by undergraduate students (N = 455). Exploratory factor analyses extracted first and second-order factors. Confirmatory factor analysis using SEM with latent variables supported the resulting model in which attitudes toward violence are represented as a multidimensional hierarchical construct with 10 first-order and four second-order factors: (1) Interpersonal Violence (Subculture of Violence, Rape & Intimate Partner Violence, Sports Violence, and Bullying); (2) Institutional Violence (Retaliatory Violence, Gun Violence, Penal Code Violence, and Violence in War); (3) Corporal Punishment of Children; and (4) Anti-Establishment Violence. The study also investigated whether a range of psychological variables influenced the four higher-order factors. Using Duckitt's (2001) dual process motivational model (DPM) as a theoretical framework, path analysis suggested that the causal sequence of Reactive Aggression, Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility mediated through Competitive-Jungle predicted each of the higher-order factors although, in comparison to the DPM, it was Competitive-Jungle and not Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) that predicted the outcome. In addition, there were direct effects of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Agreeableness on Interpersonal Violence, and a strong direct effect of RWA on Corporal Punishment of Children. The findings suggest that an individual's Competitive-Jungle Social Worldview may have a primary proximal effect on the formation of their attitudes toward violence, and that this social worldview may be primarily influenced by high levels of Reactive Aggression, low levels of Agreeableness, and low levels of Honesty-Humility. Notably, however, the paths from Competitive-Jungle Social Worldview to Interpersonal Violence and Institutional Violence were stronger than those to Corporal Punishment of Children and Anti- Establishment Violence. Theoretical implications are also discussed.
This program of research attempted to re-examine a previous model analyzing attitudes toward violence against women as well as to explore relationship violence typology and steps toward terminating a violent relationship. Additionally, a measure examining women's beliefs about the effects of violence was developed: the Scale of Anticipated Violence Effects (SAVE). During Phase I of the study, initial SAVE items were generated by asking women to write down what effects they anticipated when a man is violent or aggressive toward his romantic female partner. The responses generated comprised the initial 135-item SAVE. A five-point Likert-type scale (1=strongly agree, 5=strongly disagree) was provided for each item. In Phase II, participants completed a variety of scales assessing the relationship between attitudes toward violence against women and relationship violence typology, witnessing interparental violence, sex-role stereotypes, normative perceptions of violence, and steps taken toward terminating a violent relationship. Participants included 161 undergraduate students from Idaho State University, 102 incarcerated women, and five women from a residential treatment center. Analyses suggested that women in relationships with no violence or with unilateral partner violence held less tolerant attitudes toward violence than women in relationships with bilateral violence or with unilateral self-violence. Endorsement of sex-role stereotypes and normative perceptions of violence were also significant correlates of attitudes toward violence against women.