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Compiled as a result of the Thirteenth Symposium of the Association for Attention and Performance, this collection focuses on the Symposium's theme: Organization of Action. The book is arranged in sections which provide a comprehensive view of the main issues raised during the meeting. Several aspects of the theme were considered, including: the anatomical and physiological constraints on motor preparation and execution . the influence of control (proprioceptive, cutaneous, visual, oculomotor) signals the contribution of kinematics to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the role of cognitive constraints such as attention or learning in goal selection This new volume is of particular interest to professionals and researchers in cognitive psychology, physiology, and neuropsychology as well as those studying motor skills.
Attention and Performance XIV, provides a broad, historic, and timely synthesis of the empirical and theoretical ideas on which performance theory now rests.
Edited by a leading scholar in the field, Eye Movements and Visual Cognitionpresents an up-to-date overview of the topics relevant to understanding the relationship between eye movements and visual cognition, particularly in relation to scene perception and reading. Cognitive psychologists, neuropsychologists, educational psychologists, and reading specialists will find this volume to be an authoritative source of state-of-the art research in this rapidly expanding area of study.
First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.
This volume is the outcome of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Time, Action and Cognition. which was held in Saint-Malo, France, in October 1991. The theme - time in action and cognition of time - was sparked by growing awareness in informal meetings between mostly French-speaking time psychologists of the need to bring together time specialists in the areas of development, motor behavior, attention, memory and representations. The workshop was designed to be a forum where different theoretical points of view and a variety of empirical approaches could be presented and discussed. Time psychologists tended to draw conclusions restricted to their specific fields of interest. From our own experience, we felt that addressing a common issue - possible relationships between time in action and representations of time - could lead to a more comprehensive approach. We are endebted to NATO for allowing us to bring this idea to fruition. We take this opportunity as well to express our thanks to Cognisciences ( Cognisud section) -- an active interdisciplinary research organization - for its financial backing and the CNRS for its scientific support.
Since the classic studies of Woodworth (1899), the role ofvision in the control of movement has been an importantresearch topic in experimental psychology. While many earlystudies were concerned with the relative importance of visionand kinesthesis and/or the time it takes to use visualinformation, recent theoretical and technical developmentshave stimulated scientists to ask questions about howdifferent sources of visual information contribute to motorcontrol in different contexts.In this volume, articles arepresented that provide a broad coverage of the currentresearch and theory on vision and human motor learning andcontrol. Many of the contributors are colleagues that have metover the years at the meetings and conferences concerned withhuman movement. They represent a wide range of affiliation andbackground including kinesiology, physical education,neurophysiology, cognitive psychology and neuropsychology.Thus the topic of vision and motor control is addressed from anumber of different perspectives. In general, each author setsan empirical and theoretical framework for their topic, andthen discusses current work from their own laboratory, and howit fits into the larger context. A synthesis chapter at the end of the volume identifies commonalities in the work and suggests directions for future experimentation.
This volume examines the development of timing in coordinated action from several different ontogenetic perspectives. Some chapters emphasize the qualitative changes in manifest motor behavior during the early growth years and examine the relation between temporal characteristics of pre- and perinatal movements and goal directed actions with qualitatively different rules of temporal organization. Other contributors stress the developmentally invariant timing characteristics of species-typical and perhaps genetically programmed motor patterns of nonhuman organisms.Also examined is the molecular machinery that generates circumscribed motor patterns with stable temporal characteristics, as well as the reversible influences of peripheral feedback on and the interactions among discrete pattern generators. Despite their basic theoretical differences, both formulations imply the same generic hypothesis: that the temporal characteristics of manifest movement or action are controlled by central agencies acting on the peripheral skeleto-muscular system in a hierarchic top-down mode.
And Applications To The Human-Computer Interface Michael E. Fotta AT&T Communications 16th FIr. Atrium II, Cincinnati, OH 45202 Artificial intelligence (AI) programs represent knowledge in a fashion similar to human knowledge and the activities of an AI system are closer to human behavior than that of traditional systems. Thus, AI enables the computer to act more like a human instead of making the human think and act more like a computer. This capability combined with applying human factors concepts to the interface can greatly improve the human-computer interface. This paper provides an intro duction to artificial intelligence and then proposes a number of methods for using AI to improve the human-machine inter action. AN INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Definition There are many definitions of artificial intelligence (AI) running from the very general to the very detailed. Perhaps the most well accepted general definition is that by Elaine Rich: "Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better", (Rich, 1983). A good example of a detailed definition is provided by the Brattle Research Corporation; "In simplified terms, artificial intelligence works with pattern matching methods which attempt to describe objects, events or pro cesses in terms of their qualitative features and logical and compu tational relationships," (Mishkoff, 1985).
This volume evolved from a workshop which addressed the general area of motor control, and the broader problems of serial organisation and sensory-motor integration of human skills. A number of specific issues are highlighted, including the neural mechanisms and disabilities of sensory-motor integration, planning and programming of action, the dynamics of interlimb coordination, amendment and updating mechanisms, and in particular, perception-action coupling and the representation of action. Underlying much of the volume are the major theoretical issues which include the debate between computational and prescriptive approaches versus the emergent properties and system dynamics approaches. The book represents a diverse approach from such disciplines as psychology, electrical and mechanical engineering, human movement studies, physiotherapy, neurology, and kinesiology.
For most people, prism adaptation is an amusing demonstration, first experienced perhaps in an introductory psychology course. This monograph relates this peculiar phenomenon to the larger context of cognitive science, especially motor control and learning. The first part sketches the background concepts necessary to understand the contribution of prism adaptation to the larger issue of adaptive perceptual-motor performance including: * a review of the basic concepts of motor control and learning that enable strategic response in the prism adaptation situation; * the development of a hypothesis about spatial representation and spatial mapping and an introduction to the basic idea of adaptive spatial alignment; and * a contrasting view of perceptual and motor learning and a review of evidence for the involvement of nonassociative and associative learning in prism adaptation. Directly concerned with data and theory in prism adaptation, the second part presents: * an outline of prism adaptation methodology and a list of several empirical conclusions from previous research that constrained development of theoretical framework; * a theory of strategic perceptual-motor control and learning which enables adaptive performance during prism exposure, but does not directly involve adaptive spatial alignment; * an extention of the theory to include realignment processes which correct for the spatial misalignment among sensorimotor systems produced by prisms; and * a demonstration of how traditional issues in prism adaptation may be rephrased in terms of the present theoretical framework. The last part of this volume reviews the research conducted in developing and testing the present theory of prism adaptation. It summarizes the initial investigations (employing a naturalistic exposure setting), reports some more rigorous tests with an experimentally constrained research paradigm, points out the more general theoretical issues raised by the authors' analysis of prism adaptation, and makes specific suggestions for further research within the prism adaptation paradigm.